Environment & Ecology — UPSC Prelims Previous Year Questions (1995–2025)

Q: Consider the following pairs: Country — Animal found in its natural habitat 1. Brazil — Indri 2. Indonesia — Elk 3. Madagascar — Bonobo How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q: Consider the following statements: Once the Central Government notifies an area as a 'Community Reserve' 1. the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest, 2. hunting is not allowed in such area, 3. people of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce, 4. people of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q: With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements : 1. The leader of an elephant group is a female. 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Q: Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin ? 1. Nagarhole National Park 2. Papikonda National Park 3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve 4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Q: भारतीय अश्वगंधा (Withania) की उस उपजाति, जो पथरीली भूमि पर फलती-फूलती है और केवल वाष्प संचयी है, के संरक्षण के लिए निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा संरक्षित क्षेत्र उचित है ?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से ऐसे सर्वाधिक संभावनीय स्थान हैं जहाँ कस्तूरी मृग अपने प्राकृतिक आवास में मिल सकता है ? 1. अस्कोट वन्यजीव अभयारण्य 2. गंगोत्री राष्ट्रीय उद्यान 3. किशनपुर वन्यजीव अभयारण्य 4. मानस राष्ट्रीय उद्यान नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए :

Q: भारत के ‘मरू राष्ट्रीय उद्यान’ के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से कथन सही हैं? 1. यह दो जिलों में विस्तृत है। 2. उद्यान के अंदर कोई मानव निवास स्थल नहीं है। 3. यह ‘ग्रेट इंडियन बस्टर्ड’ के प्राकृतिक आवासों में से एक है। नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Q: Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा नेशनल पार्क पूर्वी हिमालय शीतोष्ण अल्पाइन कटिबंध में स्थित है?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only. 2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which of the following are in Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve?

Q: Consider the following pairs: Wildlife — Naturally found in 1. Blue-finned Mahseer — Cauvery River 2. Irrawaddy Dolphin — Chambal River 3. Rusty-spotted Cat — Eastern Ghats Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q: निम्नलिखित राज्यों में से किस एक में पाखुई वन्यजीव अभयारण्य अवस्थित है ?

Q: पारिस्थितिक दृष्टिकोण से, पूर्वी घाटों और पश्चिमी घाटों के बीच एक अच्छा जैविक सम्पर्क किसके रूप में अधिक महत्त्व रखता है ?

Q: From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats ?

Q: If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit?

Q: ‘M-STrIPES’ पशु-घनी समावटों में किस संदर्भ में देखा जाता है ?

Q: Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?

Q: In which of the following regions of India are you “most likely” to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?

Q: 'Gadgil Committee Report' and 'Kasturirangan Committee Report', sometimes seen in the news, are related to

Q: Which of the following National Parks is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity?

Q: Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic?

Q: Consider the following pairs : 1. Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram 2. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim 3. Saramati Peak : Nagaland Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Q: The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of

Q: Consider the following: 1. Star tortoise 2. Monitor lizard 3. Pygmy hog 4. Spider monkey Which of the above are naturally found in India?

Q: Consider the following pairs: 1. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve : Garo Hills 2. Loktak Lake : Barail Range 3. Namdapha National Park : Dafla Hills Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Q: Consider the following pairs: National Park : River flowing through the Park 1. Corbett National Park : Ganga 2. Kaziranga National Park : Manas 3. Silent Valley National Park : Kaveri Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Q: Consider the following protected areas: 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sunderbans Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?

Q: Consider the following : 1. Black-necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard Which of the above are naturally found in India?

Q: Two important rivers – one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha – merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area. Which one of the following could be this?

Q: A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal ?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The boundaries of a National Park are defined by legislation. 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve a few specific species of flora and fauna. 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited biotic interference is permitted. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following pairs: Protected area — Well-known for 1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa — Salt Water Crocodile 2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan — Great Indian Bustard 3. Eravikulam, Kerala — Hoolak Gibbon Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Salt-water crocodile is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 2. Shrew and tapir are found in the Western Ghats of the Malabar region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Out of all the Biosphere Reserves in India, four have been recognized on the World Network by UNESCO. Which one of the following is not one of them?

Q: Which one among the following has the maximum number of National Parks?

Q: Which one of the following is also known as Top Slip?

Q: Which of the following is located in the Bastar region?

Q: Consider the following statements : 1. In India, Red Panda is naturally found in the western Himalaya only. 2. In India, Slow Loris lives in the dense forests of the North-East. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Where is Bundala Biosphere Reserve which has been recently added to the UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) network, located?

Q: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I (National Park/Wild-life Sanctuary) (A) Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary (B) Kangerghat National Park (C) Orang Sanctuary (D) Ushakothi Wildlife Sanctuary List II (State) 1. Orissa 2. Assam 3. Chhattisgarh 4. Goa 5. Tripura

Q: Which one of the following is not a Biosphere Reserve?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Silent Valley National Park is in the Nallamalai range. 2. Pathrakkadavu Hydroelectric Project is proposed to be built near the Silent Valley National Park. 3. The Kunthi river originates in Silent Valley’s rainforests. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Toothless mammals such as pangolins are not found in India. 2. Gibbon is the only ape found in India. Which of these statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Match List I (National Park/Sanctuary) with List II (State) and select the correct answer using the codes given below: List I (A) Kanger Ghati National Park (B) Nagerhole National Park (C) Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary (D) Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary List II 1. Chhattisgarh 2. Haryana 3. Himachal Pradesh 4. Karnataka Codes: A B C D

Q: Match List I (Biosphere Reserve) with List II (States) and select the correct answer using the codes given below: List I (A) Simlipal (B) Dehong Deband (C) Nokrek (D) Kanchenjunga List II 1. Sikkim 2. Uttaranchal 3. Arunachal Pradesh 4. Orissa 5. Meghalaya Codes:

Q: "India has the largest population of the Asian X. Today, there are just about 20,000 to 25,000 X in their natural habitat spreading across the evergreen forests, dry thorn forests, swamps and grasslands. Their prime habitats are, however, the moist deciduous forests. The X population in India ranges from Northwest India where they are found in the forest divisions of Dehradun, Bijnor and Nainital districts of UP to the Western Ghats in the states of Karnataka and Kerala and in Tamil Nadu. In Central India, their population is distributed in southern Bihar and Orissa. In the East, they are seen in North Bengal, Assam and a few other states." The animal 'X' referred to in this quotation is

Q: The first marine sanctuary in India, having within its bounds coral reefs, Mollusca, dolphins, tortoises and various kinds of sea birds, has been established in

Q: Which one of the following does not belong to biosphere reserves set up so far?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season. 2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar. 3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q: Which one of the following trees exhibits an obligate relationship with an insect that has co-evolved with it and is the only insect that can pollinate this tree?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Butterfly 2. Fish 3. Frog How many of the above undergo metamorphosis?

Q: निम्नलिखित वृक्षों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. कटहल (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 2. महुआ (Madhuca indica) 3. सागौन (Tectona grandis) उपर्युक्त में से कितने पर्णपाती वृक्ष हैं?

Q: Consider the following trees: 1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 2. Mahua (Madhuca indica) 3. Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees?

Q: "Biorock technology" is talked about in which one of the following situations ?

Q: Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi?

Q: In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? 1. Fern 2. Lichen 3. Moss 4. Mushroom Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Diatoms 4. Foraminifera Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?

Q: Consider the following animals: 1. Hedgehog 2. Marmot 3. Pangolin To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organism/organisms rolls up and protects its/their vulnerable parts?

Q: Which one of the following is a filter feeder?

Q: Which of the following are detritivores? 1. Earthworms 2. Jellyfish 3. Millipedes 4. Seahorses 5. Woodlice Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: "Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result the soil surface is often almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the upper branches of trees." This is the most likely description of

Q: सवाना की वनस्पति में फैले हुए छोटे वृक्षों के साथ घास के मैदान होते हैं, किन्तु इस क्षेत्र में कोई वृक्ष नहीं होते हैं। ऐसे क्षेत्र में वन विकास सामान्यतः एक या एकाधिक या कुछ परिस्थितियों के संयोजन के द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है। ऐसी परिस्थितियों निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी हैं? 1. विलवर्ती प्राणी और दीमक 2. अग्नि 3. चरने वाले शाकभक्षी प्राणी (हर्बिवोर्स) 4. मौसमी वर्षा 5. मृदा के गुण नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनें:

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. कछुओं की कुछ जातियाँ शाकभक्षी होती हैं। 2. मछलियों की कुछ जातियाँ माँसभक्षी होती हैं। 3. कछुए की कुछ जातियाँ सर्वभक्षी होती हैं। 4. साँपों की कुछ जातियाँ सर्वभक्षी होती हैं। उपयुक्त में से कौन-से कथन सही हैं?

Q: Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss? 1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. विश्व की सर्वाधिक प्रवाल भित्तियाँ उपउष्णकटिबंधीय सागर जलों में मिलती हैं। 2. विश्व की एक-तिहाई से अधिक प्रवाल भित्तियाँ ऑस्ट्रेलिया, इंडोनेशिया और फिलीपींस के राज्य-क्षेत्रों में स्थित हैं। 3. उपउष्णकटिबंधीय वर्गों में ऊष्म, प्रवाल भित्तियाँ कहीं अधिक संख्या में जंतु संघों का परपोषण करती हैं। उपयुक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं ?

Q: Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences? 1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected. 2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants. 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?

Q: In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?

Q: Which one of the following is the best description of the term ‘ecosystem’?

Q: If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects disturbed by their movement through grasses. Which of the following is/are such bird/birds? 1. Painted Stork 2. Common Myna 3. Black-necked Crane Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Which of the following have coral reefs? 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Gulf of Kachchh 3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Sunderbans Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of

Q: Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?

Q: With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: 1. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. 2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms?

Q: With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is/are known as decomposer organism/organisms? 1. Virus 2. Fungi 3. Bacteria Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Q: Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? 1. Presence of tall, closely set trees with crowns forming a continuous canopy 2. Coexistence of a large number of species 3. Presence of numerous varieties of epiphytes Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Q: Which of the following leaf modifications occurs/occur in desert areas to inhibit water loss? 1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves or no leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Q: Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Bat 2. Bee 3. Bird Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?

Q: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services—provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is a supporting service?

Q: What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? 1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. 2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected. 3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Q: In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase the marine productivity by bringing the 1. decomposer microorganisms to the surface, 2. nutrients to the surface, 3. bottom-dwelling organisms to the surface. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: If a tropical rain forest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because

Q: Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: 1. Soil formation 2. Prevention of soil erosion 3. Recycling of waste 4. Pollination of crops Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: 1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in Eastern Pacific ocean. 2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Some species of plants are insectivorous. Why ?

Q: In India, which type of forest among the following occupies the largest area?

Q: King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?

Q: Consider the following names : 1. Ike 2. Kate 3. Gustav Which of the above are the names of hurricanes that had occurred very recently ?

Q: For which one of the following snakes is the diet mainly composed of other snakes?

Q: The largest coral reef in the world is found near the coast of which one of the following countries?

Q: Assertion (A): Unlike temperate forests, the tropical rain forests, if cleared, can yield productive farm-land that can support intensive agriculture for several years even without chemical fertilizers. Reason (R): The primary productivity of the tropical rain forest is very high when compared to that of the temperate forests.

Q: Which one of the following animals is monogamous?

Q: A class of animals known as Marsupials is a characteristic feature of

Q: Within biological communities, some species are important in determining the ability of a large number of other species to persist in the community. Such species are called

Q: Which one of the following is a useful functional association between fungi and the roots of higher plants?

Q: ‘फिनिक च्यूला (ग्रीट फिंचुला)’ के बारे में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : I. यह एक सर्वभक्षी पक्षी-प्रवासी (प्रेशरियटिक) है। II. इसका प्राकृतिक आवास भारत में केवल कुछ वर्षों तक ही सीमित है। III. अपने प्राकृतिक आवास में यह एक दुर्लभ जाति है। उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/कौन-से सही है/हैं?

Q: Consider the following pairs: Plant — Description I. Cassava : Woody shrub II. Ginger : Herb with pseudostem III. Malabar spinach : Herbaceous climber IV. Mint : Annual shrub V. Papaya : Woody shrub How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Q: निम्नलिखित पर विचार कीजिए: 1. केटल्स बॉटल्स 2. कांतर (सेंटिपीड्स) 3. मक्खियाँ 4. दीमक 5. बर्ट (आर्ट्स) उपरोक्त जीवों के कितने प्रकार में परजीवीय जातियाँ (पैरासिटिक स्पीशीज़) पाई जाती हैं?

Q: निम्नलिखित पौधों पर विचार कीजिए: 1. मूँगफली 2. कुल्थी (हॉर्स-ग्राम) 3. सोयाबीन उपयुक्त में से कितने मटर कुल (फेबिली) के हैं?

Q: The organisms "Cicada, Froghopper and Pond skater" are:

Q: Consider the following trees: 1. Cashew 2. Papaya 3. Red Sandalwood How many of the above trees are native to India?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : कथन-I : स्फैग्नम-नस्ती (Peat moss) प्राकृतिक रूप से भारत में नहीं पाई जाती। कथन-II : स्फैग्नम-नस्ती केवल एसिड-रहित पर्वतीय आर्द्र प्रदेशों में ही पनप सकती है। उपरोक्त कथनों के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक सही है?

Q: With reference to "Gucchi" sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements : 1. It is a fungus. 2. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas. 3. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Q: Which of the following is not a bird ?

Q: भारत की जैव-विविधता के संदर्भ में, सीटोनाफ्रेमन्ज, कॉन्फरेनीयम वायलेट, रिलिक्टेलिफ इन्टेग्रेट क्या हैं ?

Q: Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of

Q: The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of

Q: प्रोसोपिस जूलिफ्लोरा नामक पादप प्रायः क्यों समाचारों में उल्लेखित होता है ?

Q: TRAFFIC (Trade‐Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce) के सन्दर्भ में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. TRAFFIC, संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम (UNEP) के अन्तर्गत एक ब्यूरो है। 2. TRAFFIC का उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि वन्य पौधों और जन्तुओं का व्यापार प्रकृति के संरक्षण के लिये खतरा न बने। उपरोक्त में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं ?

Q: What is/are unique about 'Kharai camel', a breed found in India? 1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater. 2. It survives by grazing on mangroves. 3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?

Q: With reference to 'Red Sanders', sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India. 2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Butterfly’?

Q: With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a herbivorous marine animal. 2. It is found along the entire coast of India. 3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Q: Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?

Q: Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins? 1. Construction of dams and barrages on rivers 2. Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers 3. Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally 4. Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Consider the following animals: 1. Sea cow 2. Sea horse 3. Sea lion Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?

Q: In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Kerala 3. Karnataka 4. Andhra Pradesh Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Q: Consider the following fauna of India: 1. Gharial 2. Leatherback turtle 3. Swamp deer Which of the above is/are endangered?

Q: Government of India encourages the cultivation of ‘sea buckthorn’. What is the importance of this plant? 1. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification. 2. It is a rich source of biodiesel. 3. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes. 4. Its timber is of great commercial value. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

Q: Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? 1. Global warming 2. Fragmentation of habitat 3. Invasion of alien species 4. Promotion of vegetarianism Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Q: What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru?

Q: Vultures, which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago, are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to

Q: Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity: 1. Species richness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?

Q: The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?

Q: Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?

Q: The "Red Data Books" published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of 1. Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots. 2. Threatened plant and animal species. 3. Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural resources in various countries. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements : 1. Biodiversity hotspots are located only in tropical regions. 2. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e., Eastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The Taxus tree naturally found in the Himalayas. 2. The Taxus tree is listed in the Red Data Book. 3. A drug called “taxol” is obtained from Taxus tree is effective against Parkinson’s disease. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: The marine animal called dugong which is vulnerable to extinction is a/an

Q: Consider the following regions: 1. Eastern Himalayas 2. Eastern Mediterranean region 3. North-western Australia Which of the above is/are Biodiversity Hotspot(s)?

Q: The Panda belongs to the same family as that of

Q: Among the following, which one is not an ape?

Q: Consider the following animals of India: 1. Crocodile 2. Elephant Which of these is/are endangered species?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The common blue green algae Spirogyra and Ulothrix are found in both fresh water ponds and oceans. 2. The chameleon can look ahead with one eye, and at the same time look behind with another. Which of these statements is/are correct?

Q: A tree species in Mauritius failed to reproduce because of the extinction of a fruit-eating bird. Which one of the following was that bird?

Q: Which one of the following regions of India is now regarded as an 'ecological hot spot'?

Q: Ecologists have so far found and certified a large number of species in the plant and animal kingdoms. In terms of members, the largest group identified so far is among the

Q: निम्नलिखित पर विचार कीजिए : I. धूपमान के बाद सिगरेट के बचे हुए टुकड़े II. रसोई के तेल III. कार के टायर उपर्युक्त में से कितनों में प्लास्टिक होता है?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement I: Activated carbon is a good and an attractive tool to remove pollutants from effluent streams and to remediate contaminants from various industries. Statement II: Activated carbon exhibits a large surface area and a strong potential for adsorbing heavy metals. Statement III: Activated carbon can be easily synthesized from environmental wastes with high carbon content. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: वायु प्रदूषण माप करने हेतु भूमि-पृष्ठ-स्तर के तरीकों में किसका प्रयोग होता है?

Q: कई उपभोक्ता उत्पादों के निर्माण के लिए प्रमुख होने वाले परफ्लुओरोकिल और पॉलीफ्लुओरोएल्किल पदार्थ (PFAS) के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: 1. PFAS पेयजल, खाद्य और खाद्य पैकेजिंग सामग्री में व्यापक रूप से पाए जाते हैं। 2. PFAS पर्यावरण में आसानी से निम्नीभूत (डिग्रेड) नहीं होते हैं। 3. PFAS के लगातार संपर्क के परिणामस्वरूप जन्तुओं के शरीर में जैव संचय हो सकता है। उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन-से सही हैं?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of environmental pollution. Statement-II: Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions?

Q: Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution: 1. Gold mining activity is a source of mercury pollution in the world. 2. Coal-based thermal power plants cause mercury pollution. 3. There is no known 'safe level' of exposure to mercury. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q: With reference to coal-based thermal power plants in India, consider the following statements: 1. None of them uses seawater. 2. None of them is set up in a water-stressed district. 3. None of them is privately owned. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q: WHO के वायु गुणवत्ता दिशानिर्देशों के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. PM2.5 का 24-घंटा औसत 15 µg/m³ से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए और PM2.5 का वार्षिक औसत 15 µg/m³ से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए। 2. किसी वर्ष में, ओज़ोन प्रदूषण के उच्चतम स्तर प्रचलित मौसम के दौरान होते हैं। 3. PM10 कण फेफड़े के अवरोध को पार कर रक्त-प्रवाह में प्रवेश कर सकते हैं। 4. वायु में अल्पकालिक ओज़ोन का उत्सर्जन कर सकती है। उपयुक्त कथनों में कौन-से सही हैं ?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Nitrogen oxide 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are cause(s) of acid rain?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से किसके अंगीकरण को प्रोत्साहित करने के लिए 'R2 कोड ऑफ प्रैक्टिस' प्रमाण उपलब्ध कराती है?

Q: Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? 1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into environment. 2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into environment. 3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: 1. It is a product of oil refineries. 2. Some industries use it to generate power. 3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into environment. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q: Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following? 1. Brakes of motor vehicles 2. Engines of motor vehicles 3. Microwave stoves within homes 4. Power plants 5. Telephone lines Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से कारण/कारक बेंजीन प्रदूषण उत्पन्न करते हैं ? 1. स्वचलित वाहन (automobile) द्वारा निष्कासित पदार्थ 2. तम्बाकू का धुआँ 3. लकड़ी का जलना 4. रंगने किए गए वस्त्रों के फिनिशिंग में उपयोग 5. पॉलीस्टाइरीन से निर्मित उत्पादों का उपयोग नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए :

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: पर्यावरण में निष्क्रिय हो जाने वाली ‘सूक्ष्ममणिकाएँ’ (Micro-beads) के विषय में अत्यधिक चिंता क्यों है?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Methane 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?

Q: Consider the following statements : 1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment. 2. Cattle release ammonia into environment. 3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct?

Q: In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?

Q: In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Nitrogen dioxide 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Methane Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? 1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur. 2. Increase in the acidity of soil can take place. 3. Leaching of nitrate to the groundwater can occur. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: With reference to ‘fly ash’ produced by the power plants using coal as fuel, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Fly ash can be used in the production of bricks for building construction. 2. Fly ash can be used as a replacement for some of the Portland cement contents of concrete. 3. Fly ash is made up of silicon dioxide and calcium oxide only, and does not contain any toxic elements.

Q: Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? 1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment. 2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India? 1. Oxides of sulphur 2. Oxides of nitrogen 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Carbon dioxide Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? 1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium 3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor 5. Mercury 6. Lead 7. Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by

Q: Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among

Q: Lead, ingested or inhaled, is a health hazard. After the addition of lead to petrol has been banned, what still are the sources of lead poisoning? 1. Smelting units 2. Pens and pencils 3. Paints 4. Hair oils and cosmetics Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Q: Consider the following statements: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substances, are used 1. in the production of plastic foams 2. in the production of tubeless tyres 3. in cleaning certain electronic components 4. as pressurizing agents in aerosol cans Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Oxides of Nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants?

Q: The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?

Q: A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon is sprayed on a food crop. The food chain is: Food crop – Rat – Snake – Hawk. In this food chain, the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which one of the following?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Oxides of Hydrogen 2. Oxides of Nitrogen 3. Oxides of Sulphur Which of the above causes/cause acid rain?

Q: Assertion (A): Coal-based thermal power stations contribute to acid rain. Reason (R): Oxides of carbon are emitted when the coal burns.

Q: Which one of following is produced during the formation of photochemical smog?

Q: Which one of the following organisms is likely to show the highest concentration of DDT once it has been introduced into the ecosystem?

Q: “The final Agent Orange raid in Vietnam took place in 1970…. areas have begun to bloom again. But 19 years after the war’s end, it seems plain that Agent Orange is killing and maiming human beings, something it never intended to do. The apparent toxic fall-out from those clouds ... is a crop of human miseries including cancers, miscarriages and birth defects — that may persist for decades.” The offensive substance referred to in the above quotation is

Q: Consider the table given below providing details of traffic volume per hour for four locations (showing total traffic volume, % of heavy vehicles, average noise level in dB(A) and noise-pollution level in dB(A)). When the total traffic volume is the same, the factor(s) which affect(s) the noise-pollution level is/are

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the 'Declaration on Climate and Health'. Statement II: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector. Statement III: If India's health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : कथन I : जलवायु परिवर्तन विषयक पेरिस समझौते के अनुच्छेद 6 की चर्चा, सतत विकास और जलवायु परिवर्तन विषयक वैश्विक चर्चाओं में समावेश लाती है। कथन II : जलवायु परिवर्तन विषयक पेरिस समझौते का अनुच्छेद 6, विकासशील देशों के हितों को प्रोत्साहित करता है। कथन III : जलवायु परिवर्तन विषयक पेरिस समझौते के अनुच्छेद 6 का आधार देशों को अपने उत्सर्जन लक्ष्य तय करने हेतु उनके भीतर गैर-राजकीय रणनीतियों का समर्थन करता है। उपरोक्त कथनों के बारे में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक सही है?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से किस एक ने 'एशिया और प्रशांत क्षेत्र के लिए प्रकृति समाधान (नेचर सॉल्यूशन्स) फंड' प्रारंभ किया?

Q: Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Recently, the European Parliament approved the Net-Zero Industry Act. Statement-II: The European Union aims to achieve carbon neutrality by the year 2040 and therefore intends to develop its clean technologies by that time. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: “जलवायु कार्रवाई ट्रैकर (क्लाइमेट ऐक्शन ट्रैकर)” जो विभिन्न देशों के उत्सर्जन अनुमानों के लिए दिए गए वचनों की निगरानी करता है, क्या है ?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. “जलवायु समूह (दि क्लाइमेट ग्रुप)” एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय गैर-लाभ संगठन है, जो बड़े नेटवर्क बनाकर जलवायु क्रिया को प्रेरित करता है और उन्हें चलाता है। 2. अंतरराष्ट्रीय ऊर्जा एजेंसी ने जलवायु समूह की भागीदारी से एक वैश्विक पहल “EP100” प्रारंभ की। 3. EP100, ऊर्जा दक्षता में नवप्रवर्तन को प्रेरित करने एवं उत्सर्जन न्यूनीकरण लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करते हुए प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक बढ़त के लिए प्रतिबद्ध अग्रणी कंपनियों को साथ लाता है। 4. कुछ भारतीय कंपनियाँ EP100 की सदस्य हैं। 5. अंतरराष्ट्रीय ऊर्जा एजेंसी “आँइटू फ्लोरालाइज” का सचिवालय है। उपयुक्त कथनों में कौन-से सही हैं ?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters. 2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters. 3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on seafloor in international waters. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. रामसर सम्मेलन के अनुसार, भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र में सभी वह भूमि जो बाढ़ाच्छादित रहती है, उन्हें भारत सरकार के लिए अधिदेशात्मक है। 2. आर्द्र भूमि (संरक्षण और प्रबंधन) नियम, 2010, भारत सरकार ने रामसर सम्मेलन की सिफारिशों के आधार पर बनाए हैं। 3. आर्द्र भूमि (संरक्षण और प्रबंधन) नियम, 2010, आर्द्र भूमि के अवशिष्ट क्षेत्र या उद्गम क्षेत्र को भी तालिकृत करते हैं, ऐसा कि अधिकार द्वारा निर्धारित किया गया है। उपयुक्त में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं?

Q: The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries' transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at

Q: "Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now" is an initiative launched by

Q: Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC) : 1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

Q: With reference to 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: बेहतर नगरीय भविष्य की दिशा में कार्यरत संयुक्त राष्ट्र कार्यक्रम संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावास (UN-Habitat) की भूमिका के सन्दर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं ? 1. संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावास को अधिकृत किया है कि वह सामाजिक एवं पर्यावासीय दृष्टि से धारणीय ऐसे कस्बों और शहरों को सशक्त करे जो सभी के लिए पर्याप्त आवास प्रदान करते हों। 2. इसके साझीदार सिर्फ सरकारें और स्थानीय नगर प्रशासन हैं। 3. संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावास, सुरक्षित पेय जल एवं आधारभूत स्वच्छता तक पहुँच बढ़ाने और गरीबों को घर उपलब्ध कराने के लिए संयुक्त राष्ट्र व्यवस्था के समग्र उद्देश्य के रूप में काम करता है। नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए :

Q: The term 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

Q: What is/are the importance/importances of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification? 1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships. 2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions. 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Which of the following statements is/are correct? Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to 1. protection of biodiversity 2. resilience of forest ecosystems 3. poverty reduction Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: With reference to 'Agenda 21', sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: 1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development. 2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. 2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. 2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'. 2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. 2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. 3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances?

Q: What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news?

Q: Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct? 1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. 2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: ‘BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes’ is managed by the

Q: With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples. 2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management. 3. It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: With reference to an organization known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations. 2. The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization. 3. It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: If a wetland of international importance is brought under the 'Montreux Record', what does it imply?

Q: With reference to 'Global Environment Facility', which of the following statements is/are correct?

Q: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drawn at

Q: India is a party to the Ramsar Convention and has declared many areas as Ramsar Sites. Which of the following statements best describes how we should maintain these sites in the context of this Convention?

Q: Which one of the following Union Ministries implements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ?

Q: Where was the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio + 10) held?

Q: Consider the following statements : 1. Kyoto Protocol came into force in the year 2005 2. Kyoto Protocol deals primarily with the depletion of the Ozone layer. 3. Methane as a greenhouse gas is more harmful than carbon dioxide Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which one of the following statements is correct?

Q: A World Summit with representation from all the countries will be held in Johannesburg in September 2002 on the subject of

Q: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List I (Important Day) I. World Environment Day II. World Forestry Day III. World Habitat Day IV. World Ozone Day List II (Date) A) March 20 B) June 5 C) September 16 D) October 3 E) December 10

Q: According to Meadows (1972), if the present trends in world population, industrialisation, pollution, food production and resource depletion continue unchanged, the “Limits to Growth” on our planet will be reached in the next

Q: World Environment Conference to discuss global warming was held in 1997 in

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: कथन-I: इंडियन फ्लाइंग फॉक्स को वन्य जीव (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1972 के अधीन “पीड़क जंतु” की श्रेणी में रखा गया है। कथन-II: इंडियन फ्लाइंग फॉक्स अन्य जन्तुओं का रक्त पीता है। उपरोक्त कथनों के संबंध में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा सही है?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. भारत में जैव विविधता प्रबंधन समितियाँ जैविक संरक्षण के उद्देश्यों को हासिल करने के लिए प्रवृत्त हुई हैं। 2. जैव विविधता प्रबंधन समितियाँ, अपने क्षेत्राधिकार के अंतर्गत, जैविक संसाधनों तक पहुँच के लिए शुल्क संग्रह सहित लाभ-सहभागिता विनियंत्रण करने के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रवर्तक हैं। उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?

Q: निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक, पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986 के अन्तर्गत गठित किया गया है?

Q: Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing”?

Q: With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: 1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct? 1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014. 2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests. 3. It is a legally binding international declaration. 4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities. 5. India was one of the signatories at its inception. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर, अनुसूचित जनजाति और पारंपरिक वन निवासियों (वन अधिकारों की मान्यता) अधिनियम, 2006 के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए, कौन-सा मंत्रालय नोडल एजेंसी (नोडल एंजेंसी) है?

Q: If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : 1. भारतीय वन अधिनियम, 1927 में हाल में हुए संशोधन के अनुसार, वन निवासियों को वनक्षेत्रों में उगने वाले बाँस को काटने का अधिकार है। 2. अनुसूचित जनजाति एवं अन्य पारंपरिक वनवासी (वन अधिकारों की मान्यता) अधिनियम, 2006 के अनुसार, बाँस एक गौण वन उत्पाद है। 3. अनुसूचित जनजातियों एवं अन्य पारंपरिक वनवासियों (वन अधिकारों की मान्यता) अधिनियम, 2006, वन निवासियों को वन भूमि का स्वामित्व अधिकार भी प्रदान करता है। उपरोक्त में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं?

Q: Consider the following statements: The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to 1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought 2. lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels. 2. People's participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? 1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The definition of "Critical Wildlife Habitat" is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights. 3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: वन्यजीव (सुरक्षा) अधिनियम, 1972 के अनुसार, किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा, यदि द्वारा किए गए वन्यजीव अपराध के अभियुक्त होने के विचार में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा/से प्राणी का शिकार नहीं किया जा सकता? 1. घड़ियाल 2. भारतीय जंगली गौ 3. जंगली भैंस नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए :

Q: In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?

Q: With reference to an initiative called 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)', which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum. 2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity. 3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: 1. It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness. 3. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those zones except agriculture. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Consider the following statements : 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body. 3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: How does National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) help in protecting the Indian agriculture? 1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources. 2. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification of crop plants. 3. Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to genetic/biological resources cannot be made without the approval of NBA. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? 1. Right to healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to life under Article 21 2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in the Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes under Article 275(1) 3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under Article 243(A) Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people NOT allowed to collect and use the biomass?

Q: With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts: 1. Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947 2. Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957 3. Customs Act, 1962 4. Indian Forest Act, 1927 Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country?

Q: Sustainable development is described as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this perspective, inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with which of the following concepts ?

Q: As a result of their annual survey, the National Geographic Society and an international polling firm GlobeScan gave India top rank in Greendex 2009 score. What is this score?

Q: Where is the headquarters of Animal Welfare Board of India located ?

Q: Wangari Maathai, the Nobel Prize winner from Kenya, is known for her contribution to which one of the following?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The forest cover in India constitutes around 20 % of its geographical area. Out of the total forest cover, dense forest constitutes around 40 %. 2. The National Forestry Action Programme aims at bringing one-third of the area of India under tree/forest cover. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Amongst the following Indian States which one has the minimum total forest cover?

Q: The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, whose permission is required for cultivation of any genetically modified crop such as Bt-Cotton in India, is under the Union Minister of

Q: Consider the following statements regarding environment issues of India: I. Gulf of Mannar is one of the biosphere reserves. II. The Ganga Action Plan, phase II has been merged with the National River Conservation Plan. III. The National Museum of Natural History at New Delhi imparts nonformal education in environment and conservation. IV. Environmental Information System (ENVIS) acts as a decentralised information network for environmental information. Which of these statements are correct?

Q: The minimum land area recommended for forest cover to maintain proper ecological balance in India is

Q: Which one of the following legislations does not deal with the protection of environment?

Q: ‘Eco mark’ is given to the Indian products that are

Q: Consider the following programmes: I. Afforestation and development of wastelands. II. Reforestation and replantation in existing forests. III. Encouraging the wood substitutes and supplying other types of fuel. IV. Promotion of wide use of insecticides and pesticides to restrict the loss of forest area from degradation caused by pests and insects. The National Forest Policy of 1988 includes

Q: Consider the following statements: I. Without the atmosphere, temperature would be well below freezing point everywhere on the Earth's surface. II. Heat absorbed and trapped by the atmosphere maintains our planet's average temperature. III. Atmosphere's gases, like carbon dioxide, are particularly good at absorbing and trapping radiation. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement I: Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry account for more than 5% of global carbon emissions. Statement II: Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement. Statement III: Limestone is converted into lime during clinker production for cement manufacturing. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: Consider the following statements: I. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India are less than 0·5 t CO₂ / capita. II. In terms of CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region. III. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO₂ emissions in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: One of the following regions has the world’s largest tropical peatland, which holds about three years worth of global carbon emissions from fossil fuels; and the possible destruction of which can exert detrimental effect on the global climate. Which one of the following denotes that region?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए : कथन-I : भारत, अपने स्वच्छ ऊर्जा लक्ष्यों के बावजूद, विद्युत उत्पन्न करने के लिए अभी भी मुख्य रूप से कोयले पर निर्भर है। कथन-II : देश में विद्युत उत्पादन के लिए कम-से-कम 60% कोयले पर आधारित ताप बिजलीघरों की आवश्यकता है। उपरोक्त कथनों के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक सही है?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Aerosols 2. Foam agents 3. Fire retardants 4. Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: Consider the following activities: 1. Spreading finely ground basalt rock on farmlands extensively 2. Increasing the alkalinity of oceans by adding lime 3. Capturing carbon dioxide released by various industries and pumping it into abandoned subterranean mines in the form of carbonated waters How many of the above activities are often considered and discussed for carbon capture and sequestration?

Q: निम्नलिखित फ़सलों में कौन-सी एक, मीथेन और नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड गैसों का सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण मानवोत्पादी स्रोत है?

Q: What is blue carbon?

Q: The ‘Common Carbon Metric’, supported by UNEP, has been developed for

Q: Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the

Q: In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?

Q: Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’? 1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits. 2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor. 3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों में से कौन-सा “कार्बन निषेचन” (कार्बन फर्टिलाइज़ेशन) को सर्वोत्कृष्ट वर्णित करता है? (a) वायुमण्डल में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ी हुई सान्द्रता के कारण बढ़ी हुई पौध वृद्धि (b) वायुमण्डल में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ी हुई सान्द्रता के कारण पृथ्वी का बढ़ा हुआ तापमान (c) वायुमण्डल में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ी हुई सान्द्रता के परिणामस्वरूप महासागरों की बढ़ी हुई अम्लता (d) वायुमण्डल में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ी हुई सान्द्रता के द्वारा हुआ जलवायु परिवर्तन के अनुकूल पृथ्वी पर सभी जीवधारियों का अनुकूलन

Q: In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? 1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams 2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 3. Subterranean deep saline formations Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries. 2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following pairs: Terms sometimes seen in the news — Their origin 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Q: Which of the following best describes/describe the aim of 'Green India Mission' of the Government of India? 1. Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the 'green accounting' 2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future 3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: What is 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol'?

Q: The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 °C above the pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 3 °C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world? 1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source. 2. Widespread coral mortality will occur. 3. All the global wetlands will permanently disappear. 4. Cultivation of cereals will not be possible anywhere in the world. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country? 1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste-water. 2. The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water. 3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India. 4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore-wells and for installing motors and pump-sets to draw ground-water will be completely reimbursed by the Government. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? 1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected. 2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected. 3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected. 4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?

Q: Due to their extensive rice cultivation, some regions may be contributing to global warming. To what possible reason/reasons is this attributable? 1. The anaerobic conditions associated with rice cultivation cause the emission of methane. 2. When nitrogen based fertilizers are used, nitrous oxide is emitted from the cultivated soil. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating the global warming at present and in the immediate future ? 1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available. 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development. 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Q: Consider the following which can be found in the ambient atmosphere : 1. Soot 2. Sulphur hexafluoride 3. Water vapour Which of the above contribute to the warming up of the atmosphere ?

Q: In the context of CO₂ emission and Global Warming, what is the name of a market-driven device under the UNFCCC that allows developing countries to get funds/incentives from the developed countries to adopt better technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions ?

Q: The concept of carbon credit originated from which one of the following ?

Q: Consider the following: 1. Rice fields 2. Coal mining 3. Domestic animals 4. Wetlands Which of the above are sources of methane, a major greenhouse gas?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in respect of carbon credits is one of the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms. 2. Under the CDM, the projects handled pertain only to the Annex-I countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which one of the following countries is the first country in the world to propose a carbon tax for its people to address global warming?

Q: कृषि की 'धान रोपण प्रणाली' का, जिसमें धान के खेतों को बारी-बारी से जलमग्न और सूखा किया जाता है, निम्नलिखित में से क्या परिणाम होता है? 1. पानी की कम आवश्यकता 2. धान की कम उपज 3. बिजली की कम खपत नीचे दिए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Q: Which of the following are nitrogen-fixing plants ? 1. Alfalfa 2. Amaranth 3. Chickpea 4. Clover 5. Purslane (Kulfa) 6. Spinach Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Q: The "Miyawaki method" is well known for the :

Q: Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent?

Q: स्थायी कृषि (पर्माकल्चर), पारंपरिक रासायनिक कृषि से किस तरह भिन्न है? 1. स्थायी कृषि एकल-फसल कृषि पद्धति को हतोत्साहित करता है, किन्तु पारंपरिक रासायनिक कृषि में एकल-फसल कृषि प्रोत्साहित है। 2. पारंपरिक रासायनिक कृषि के कारण भूमि की उर्वरता में वृद्धि हो सकती है, किन्तु इस तरह की पद्धति स्थायी कृषि में दृष्टिगत नहीं होती है। 3. पारंपरिक रासायनिक कृषि अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में आसानी से संभव है, किन्तु ऐसे क्षेत्रों में स्थायी कृषि उतनी आसानी से संभव नहीं है। 4. मल बनाना (कम्पोस्ट) की प्रधानता स्थायी कृषि में अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है, किन्तु पारंपरिक रासायनिक कृषि में यह प्रधान आवश्यकता नहीं है। नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Q: ‘ताड़ तेल (पाम ऑयल)’ के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: 1. ताड़ तेल वृक्ष दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया में प्राकृतिक रूप से पाया जाता है। 2. ताड़ तेल प्लास्टिक और इससे बने वाले कुछ उद्योगों के लिए कच्चा माल है। 3. ताड़ तेल का उपयोग जैव-डीज़ल के उत्पादन में किया जा सकता है। उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन-से सही हैं?

Q: In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: 1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q: निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: 1. मोरिंगा (सहजन वृक्ष) एक फलीदार सदाबहार वृक्ष है। 2. इसकी फलियाँ एवं पत्तियाँ दक्षिण भारत का पारंपरिक भोजन हैं। 3. भारत सूखे और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में मोरिंगा के बीज निर्यात करता है। 4. मोरिंगा की पत्तियाँ उच्च पोषक तत्व वाली मानी जाती हैं। 5. मोरिंगा और इसकी जड़ों का उपयोग जैव ईंधन के उत्पादन में किया जा सकता है। उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन-से सही हैं?

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement 1: The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Arbor Day Foundation have recently recognized Hyderabad as 2020 Tree City of the World. Statement 2: Hyderabad was selected for the recognition for a year following its commitment to grow and maintain the urban forests. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: What is the use of biochar in farming? 1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming. 2. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. 3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for longer time. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: What is/are the advantage/advantages of zero tillage in agriculture? 1. Sowing of wheat is possible without burning the residue of previous crop. 2. Without the need for nursery of rice saplings, direct planting of paddy seeds in the wet soil is possible. 3. Carbon sequestration in the soil is possible. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture? 1. Crop diversification 2. Legume intensification 3. Tensiometer use 4. Vertical farming Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture? 1. Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible. 2. Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible. 3. Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible. 4. Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: ‘जलवायु-अनुकूल कृषि के लिए वैश्विक सहयोग’ (Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture – GACSA) के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं? 1. GACSA, 2015 में पेरिस में हुए जलवायु शिखर सम्मेलन का एक परिणाम है। 2. GACSA में सदस्यता से कोई अनुबंधित दायित्व उत्पन्न नहीं होता। 3. GACSA के निर्माण में भारत की सक्रिय भूमिका थी। नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Q: भारतीय कृषि की परिस्थितियों के संदर्भ में, “संरक्षण कृषि” की संकल्पना का महत्व बढ़ जाता है। निम्नलिखित में से कौन-कौन से संरक्षण कृषि के अंतर्गत आते हैं? 1. एकीकृत कृषि पद्धतियों का प्रयोग 2. न्यूनतम जुताई को अपनाना 3. बागानी फ़सलों की खेती का परिहार 4. मृदा धरातल को ढकने के लिए फ़सल अवशिष्ट का उपयोग 5. स्थानीय एवं कालिक फ़सल अनुक्रमण/फ़सल आवर्तन को अपनाना नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Q: Consider the following: 1. Birds 2. Dust blowing 3. Rain 4. Wind blowing Which of the above spread plant diseases?

Q: With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: 1. "The National Programme for Organic Production" (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. 2. "The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority" (APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. 3. Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which of the following practices can help in water conservation in agriculture? 1. Reduced or zero tillage of the land 2. Applying gypsum before irrigating the field 3. Allowing crop residue to remain in the field Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: The FAO accords the status of ‘Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)’ to traditional agricultural systems. What is the overall goal of this initiative? 1. To provide modern technology, training in modern farming methods and financial support to local communities of identified GIAHS so as to greatly enhance their agricultural productivity. 2. To identify and safeguard eco-friendly traditional farm practices and their associated landscapes, agricultural biodiversity and knowledge systems of the local communities. 3. To provide Geographical Indication status to all the varieties of agricultural produce in such identified GIAHS. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: भारत के एक विशिष्ट क्षेत्र में, स्थानीय लोग जीवित वृक्षों की जड़ों का अनुसंधान कर उन्हें लताओं के आर-पार घुसाकर पुलों में रूपांतरित कर देते हैं। जैसे-जैसे समय गुजरता है, ये पुल और अधिक मजबूत होते जाते हैं। ये अनोखे ‘जीवित जड़ पुल’ कहाँ पाए जाते हैं?

Q: What are the significances of a practical approach to sugarcane production known as 'Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative'? 1. Seed cost is very low in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation. 2. Drip irrigation can be practiced very effectively in this. 3. There is no application of chemical/inorganic fertilizers at all in this. 4. The scope for intercropping is more in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: Every year, a month-long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

Q: With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements: 1. Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites. 2. Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents. 3. Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Consider the following organisms: 1. Agaricus 2. Nostoc 3. Spirogyra Which of the above is/are used as biofertilizer/biofertilizers?

Q: Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables the plants to 1. resist drought and increase absorptive area 2. tolerate extremes of pH 3. resist disease infestation Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Q: Consider the following kinds of organisms : 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Flowering plants Some species of which of the above kinds of organisms are employed as biopesticides?

Q: The release of which one of the following into ponds and wells helps in controlling the mosquitoes?

Q: Dalbergia species is associated with which one of the following?

Q: Which one of the following agricultural practices is eco-friendly?

Q: Indonesian forest fire in 1997 was caused by

Q: Forest areas have been labelled as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the rough outline map given. Among these, those which were threatened in 1997 by a serious epidemic include

Q: Consider the following statements: Statement-I : According to the United Nations’ ‘World Water Development Report, 2022’, India extracts more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater withdrawal each year. Statement-II : India needs to extract more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater each year to satisfy the drinking water and sanitation needs of almost 18% of world’s population living in its territory. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q: “यदि नत्रजन और फास्फोरस पृथ्वी पर फेंके जाते हैं, तो निष्कर्ष में आंशिक अवसाद इसके भूमि पर किस प्रकार कार्य करते हैं ?” निम्नलिखित में से आंशिक अवसाद का कौन-सा कथन सर्वोत्कृष्ट रूप से प्रतिनिधित्व करता है ?

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). 2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. 3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in riverbeds? 1. Decreased salinity in the river 2. Pollution of groundwater 3. Lowering of the water-table Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Q: जैव ऑक्सीजन माँग (BOD) किसके लिए एक मानक मापदंड है ?

Q: Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)’? 1. River basin is the unit of planning and management. 2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level. 3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Q: With reference to a conservation organization called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are signatories to Ramsar Convention. 2. It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? 1. Prevention of soil runoff 2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table 4. Regeneration of natural vegetation Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Q: Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? 1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Q: With reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements : 1. The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is recorded more in Gujarat as compared to other States. 2. In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands is larger than that of inland wetlands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q: There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? 1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries. 2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon. 3. Upwelling in the seas. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Q: The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge?

Q: In India, which one of the following States has the largest inland saline wetland?

Q: Virtual water trade is being looked at by experts as a solution to the world’s water crisis. What does virtual water (VW) imply?

Q: Tarun Bharat Sangh, an organization based in a village near Alwar (Rajasthan) has become famous because of

Q: Estuaries possess distinct blooms of excessive growth of a pigmented dinoflagellate. These blooms are called

Q: Some people in Manipur live in houses built on floating islands of weeds and decaying vegetation held together by suspended silt. These islands are called