S1. Liberalisation and globalisation freed India's economy from the low GDP trap that had impeded India's progress S6. Today India has transformed into one of the largest economies of the world P. India's 3 pc rate of growth and a set of emergent circumstances led to a balance of payment crisis in the early 1990s Q. Ease of business was ensured, and the requirement for import licences, and production quotas, were removed R. Apart from these measures India also took a loan from the IMF to tide over the crisis, but after 1993, India has not taken another loan from the IMF S. In a landmark budget in 1991, responding to the emergent crisis, India delicenced many industries and liberalised its economic policies
- (a)Q S R P
- (b)S Q P R
- (c)R Q S P
- (d)P S Q R
Correct — D, the order P S Q R. P sets up the trigger — the early-1990s balance-of-payments crisis; S gives the response, the landmark 1991 budget that delicenced industries; Q spells out the specific measures (ease of business, removal of import licences and quotas); R adds 'Apart from these measures…' the IMF loan, which must come after the measures it refers back to; S6 then states the present-day result.
- (a)Q S R P — Opens with the specific reforms (Q) before P even establishes the crisis that prompted them and before S's 1991 budget launches the reform drive — the measures cannot precede their cause.
- (b)S Q P R — Places P (the balance-of-payments crisis) after the 1991 budget and its measures (S, Q), reversing cause and response — the crisis must precede the budget that answered it.
- (c)R Q S P — Leads with R, whose 'Apart from these measures' explicitly refers back to measures not yet mentioned, so R cannot open; it also ends on the crisis (P), stranding the trigger at the close.
An economics para-jumble solved by cause-and-response logic — crisis (P), budget response (S), specific measures (Q), then the 'Apart from these measures' add-on (R) — leading into the present-day result (S6).
No directly related past PYQ was found.
- practice — not a real PYQ
A sentence starting 'Apart from these measures…' must be placed —
- (a)first, to introduce the topic
- (b)after the measures it refers to have been described
- (c)as the fixed opening sentence
- (d)before the crisis is mentioned
Answer(b) after the measures it refers to — the phrase points back to earlier content.
- practice — not a real PYQ
In a cause-and-effect para-jumble, the correct order of ideas is usually —
- (a)response, then crisis
- (b)crisis, then response, then result
- (c)result, then crisis
- (d)measures, then crisis
Answer(b) crisis, then response, then result — effects follow their causes.