Of climate change in the country, different studies under Climate Change Action Programme ______.
- (a)are developed
- (b)are initiated
- (c)have developed
- (d)have initiated
Correct — B, are initiated. The subject 'different studies' is the thing being started, so the verb should be passive, and the present passive 'are initiated' fits. The active forms 'have initiated' and 'have developed' wrongly make the studies the agent doing the initiating, while 'are developed' collocates more weakly with 'studies'. The stronger present-perfect passive 'have been initiated' is not on offer, so 'are initiated' is the best available choice.
- (a)are developed — Passive but wrong verb — studies are 'initiated' or 'conducted', so 'developed' collocates weakly with 'studies'.
- (c)have developed — Active present-perfect wrongly makes the studies the agent doing the developing rather than being acted upon.
- (d)have initiated — Active present-perfect wrongly makes the studies the agent that initiates, when they are the thing being initiated.
A cloze item on choosing the passive verb form to match a subject that is acted upon.
No directly related past PYQ was found.
- practice — not a real PYQ
New safety measures ______ by the committee every year.
- (a)are reviewed
- (b)have reviewed
- (c)is reviewed
- (d)reviewing
Answer(a) are reviewed — passive, since the measures are acted upon.
- practice — not a real PYQ
Several projects ______ under the scheme last month.
- (a)have launched
- (b)were launched
- (c)is launched
- (d)launching
Answer(b) were launched — passive with a plural subject that is acted upon.