UPSC Mains 2025 — All Papers & Questions

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on/Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on/Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Discuss the following in about 150 words each:

Discuss the following in about 150 words each:

Write notes on the following in 150 words each:

Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Complete the following chemical reactions and indicate the category of these reactions. Justify your answer.

(a) Calculate the ratio of probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom at r = a0 and at r = 10 a0, where ‘r’ is the distance from the nucleus and a0 = radius of the first Bohr orbit. (b) Construct the Born–Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride crystal at 298 K from the elements in their normal states of existence. Mention the names of the involving processes. Indicate which of them are energy demanding and which are energy evolving. (c) Germanium and Silicon elements have very low electrical conductivity. How can the electrical conductivity be enhanced by adding other elements in trace amount? Explain by examples. (d) Two sheets of copper of area 1·50 m2 are separated by 10 cm. What is the rate of transfer of heat by conduction from the warm sheet (50 °C) to the cold sheet (–10 °C)? What is the rate of loss of heat? (Assume the space between the two sheets is filled with air) Given: Coefficient of thermal conductivity of air = 2·4 × 10–2 J s–1 m–1 K–1. (e) Why do liquids become super-heated before boiling? Explain using Kelvin equation. (f) Arrange the following molecules in the ascending order of their dipole moment values. Justify your answer. NH3, NF3 and H2O (g) 0·500 g of benzoic acid was burnt under oxygen. The combustion produced a temperature rise of 1·236 K. The same calorimetric set-up was used to burn 0·300 g of naphthalene and the resulting temperature rise was 1·128 K. The heat of combustion of benzoic acid, ΔcU298 = –3227 kJ mol–1. What is the heat of combustion of naphthalene? (h) A sealed container contains a gaseous sample at 300 K consisting of either pure ethane, or pure neon, or a mixture of the two. The pressure inside the container at this temperature is 1·00 atm. When the container is cooled to 150 K, the pressure is 0·37 atm. What is the composition of the sample; pure ethane, pure neon or a mixture of both? Explain your answer. Given : Vapour pressure of C2H6 at 150 K is 0·10 atm; Critical temperature of neon = 44 K. (i) The surface area of an object to be gold plated is 49·8 cm2, and the density of gold is 19·3 g cm–3. A current of 3·25 A is applied to a solution that contains gold in the +3 oxidation state. Calculate the time required to deposit an even layer of gold, 1 × 10–3 cm thick, on the object. (Given : Molecular mass of gold = 196·97 g mol–1) (j) A steam turbine is operated with an intake temperature of 400 °C, and an exhaust temperature of 150 °C. What is the maximum amount of work the turbine can do for a given heat input ‘Q’? Under what conditions is the maximum work achieved?

(a) Find the probability of existence of a particle in a one-dimensional box of length ‘a’ in the region 0 ≤ x ≤ a⁄4 for the states n = 1, 2 and 3. (b) The standard reduction potential of oxygen under acidic conditions at 298 K is +1·23 V. What is the standard reduction potential for the four-electron reduction of O2(g) under basic conditions? (c) The radii of Zn2+ and S2– ions are 0·74 Å and 1·84 Å respectively. Determine the most stable form of arrangement of ions in ZnS crystal lattice. Draw the CCP (Cubic Close Packing) structure of ZnS. (d) In a sample of NaCl, one of every 10,000 sites, normally occupied by Na+, is occupied instead by Ca2+. Assuming that all of the Cl– sites are fully occupied, what is the stoichiometry of the sample?

(a) Calculate the number of collisions that oxygen makes per second on 1·00 cm2 of the surface of the vessel containing them if the pressure is 1·00 × 10–6 atm and the temperature is 25 °C. (b) Suppose that 10·0 J of work is required to create droplets of uniform size from a mole of water in bulk at 25 °C and 1 atm pressure. (i) Assuming that surface tension is independent of area, calculate the radius of the droplets. (ii) Calculate the number of water molecules in a droplet. Given : Surface tension of water = 0·072 J m–2

Answer the following sub-parts:

Answer the following sub-parts:

Answer the following sub-parts:

(a) (i) After polymerization of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, IR analysis shows 0·2 % unreacted —COOH. Calculate the molecular weight of the polymer and categorize it. (ii) Write the structure of the polymer formed when p-hydroxybenzoic acid is polymerized. (iii) What is the precursor of the main component of natural rubber? Draw the structures of both monomer and polymer. (b) (i) Compare the salient properties of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6. (ii) How would you prepare syndiotactic polystyrene? (iii) What are the salient features of alpha helix in regards to handedness, residues per turn and elongation per residue? What are the principal stabilizing factors for an alpha helix? (c) (i) Compounds 1 and 2 on reaction with NaN3 yield the same product but compound 1 reacts at room temperature while compound 2 reacts at 200 °C. Identify the product formed and explain the reasons for different reactivities of compounds 1 and 2. (ii) Identify the major product in the following reactions and justify your answer.

(a) Write the structure of the product(s) and the intermediate formed in the following reaction. (b) Deduce the structure of the starting material (A) and all the intermediates formed in each step that would lead to the formation of the given product through the defined reactions. (c) A photochemical reaction takes place through the T1 state. S0–S1 and S0–T1 energy gaps correspond to 290 nm and 450 nm, respectively. To get an efficient photochemical reaction should we use light of 290 nm or 450 nm? Give your answer presenting the relevant Jablonski diagram. (d) (i) Which of the following molecules is/are active to rotational spectroscopy and why? CH4, H2O, NH3, BCl3, XeF4. (ii) The spacing between lines in the microwave spectrum of CO decreases by substituting 12C by 13C. Why? (e) (i) In a 100 MHz NMR instrument, a particular set of protons absorbs at δ = 3·0 with J = 4·5 Hz. Find the chemical shift (in Hz) and the coupling constant J in a 500 MHz instrument for the same set of protons. (ii) The mass spectrum of n-butyl phenyl ketone (C6H5COCH2CH2CH2CH3) shows peaks at m/z 162, 120, 105 and 85. Predict the fragmentation pattern.

For the column section shown in the figure, determine the design strength components corresponding to the condition of 'balanced failure'. Assume M25 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel. Consider loading eccentricity with respect to the major axis alone. Assume 8 φ ties and 40 mm clear cover. Take Es = 2 × 10^5 N/mm².

Answer the following :

Answer the following :

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words :

From the following Trial Balance and other additional information furnished by AGN Ltd., prepare the Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2025 as required by Schedule-III Division-I of the Companies Act, 2013 and show the Notes to Accounts below the Balance Sheet : (Addition of table and additional information as provided.) (b) It is observed that at a monthly sale of ₹ 1,20,000, a firm suffers an operating loss of ₹ 30,000. The management apprehends that any increase in sale will further rise the loss. However, the Accountant of the firm analyzed the situation based on cost, volume and profit, and showed that the firm may earn ₹ 30,000 operating profit by doubling the sale. Based on the above information, you are required to measure— (i) P/V ratio; (ii) monthly fixed costs; (iii) BEP; (iv) MOS for profit of ₹ 40,000; (v) profit for monthly sale of ₹ 3,00,000. (c) (i) Explain in brief the principles of inventory valuation based on AS 2. (ii) Describe in brief the permissible methods of depreciation based on the relevant Accounting Standard.

(a) Explain in brief the deductions that are expressly allowed in computing the income from business under the Income-tax Act, 1961. (b) Harish sold jewellery on 15th June, 2023 for ₹ 10,10,000 (cost of jewellery to Harish on 25th May, 2002 was ₹ 94,500 and brokerage paid on the sale of jewellery was ₹ 10,000). On 15th December, 2023, he purchased a residential house for ₹ 5,00,000. On 15th June, 2023, he did not own any residential house. The cost inflation index for 2002-03 was 105 and for 2023-24 it was 348. Compute the amount of capital gains chargeable to tax for the Assessment Year 2024-25. (i) Assuming that Harish sells the new residential house before 15th December, 2026, what will be the taxable capital gains and for which year? (ii) Assuming that Harish purchases any other residential house before 15th June, 2025 or constructs any other residential house before 15th June, 2026, what will be the taxable capital gains and for which year? (c) Sky Ltd. invited application for issuing 2,00,000 Equity Shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of ₹ 2 per share, payable as follows : ₹ 6 per share (including premium) on application and allotment, balance on the first and final call. Applications for 6,00,000 Equity Shares were received. Applications for 3,00,000 shares were rejected and money refunded. Shares were allotted on pro-rata basis to the remaining applicants. The first and final call was made and all the amount was received except on 2,000 shares, which were forfeited and re-issued at ₹ 7 per share. Pass necessary Journal Entries in the books of Sky Ltd.

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words :

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words :

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words :

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in about 600 words:

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions briefly and precisely:

Write a critical summary of the following passage in about 300 words. No separate introduction is needed. Write concisely in your own language.

Translate the passage given below into English.

Translate the passage given below into Assamese.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics:

Read carefully the passage given below, and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language. In proportion as a book is more loosely constructed, the paragraphs tend to become more diffuse. You often have to search through all the paragraphs of a chapter to find the sentences you can construct into a statement of a single argument. Some books make you search in vain, and some do not even encourage the search. A good book usually summarizes itself as its arguments develop. If the author summarizes his arguments for you at the end of a chapter, or at the end of an elaborate section, you should be able to look back over the preceding pages and find the materials he has brought together in the summary. In The Origin of Species, Darwin summarizes his whole argument for the reader in a last chapter, entitled "Recapitulation and Conclusion." The reader who has worked through the book deserves that help. The one who has not cannot use it. Incidentally, if you have inspected the book well before beginning to read it analytically, you will know whether the summary passages exist and if they do, where they are. You can then make the best possible use of them when interpreting the book. Another sign of a bad or loosely constructed book is the omission of steps in an argument. Sometimes they can be omitted without damage or inconvenience, because the propositions left out can be generally supplied from the common knowledge of readers. But sometimes their omission is misleading, and may even be intended to mislead. One of the most familiar tricks of the orator or propagandist is to leave certain things unsaid, things that are highly relevant to the argument, but that might be challenged if they were made explicit. While we do not expect such devices in an honest author whose aim is to instruct us, it is nevertheless a sound maxim of careful reading to make every step in an argument explicit. Whatever kind of book it is, your obligation as a reader remains the same. If the book contains arguments, you must know what they are, and be able to put them into a nutshell. Any good argument can be put into a nutshell. There are, of course, arguments built upon arguments. In the course of an elaborate analysis, one thing may be proved in order to prove another, and this may be used in turn to make a still further point. The units of reasoning, however, are single arguments. If you can find these in any book you are reading, you are not likely to miss the larger sequences. This is all very well to say, you may object, but unless one knows the structure of arguments as a logician does, how can one be expected to find them in a book, or worse, to construct them when the author does not state them compactly in a single paragraph? The answer is that it must be obvious that you do not have to know about arguments "as a logician does." There are relatively few logicians in the world, for better or for worse. Most of the books that convey knowledge and can instruct us contain arguments. They are intended for the general reader, not for specialists in logic. No great logical competence is needed to read these books. To repeat what we said before, the nature of the human mind is such that if it works at all during the process of reading, if it comes to terms with the author and reaches his propositions, it will see his arguments as well. There are, however, a few things we can say that may be helpful to you in carrying out this rule of reading. In the first place, remember that every argument must involve a number of statements. Of these, some give the reasons why you should accept a conclusion the author is proposing. If you find the conclusion first, then look for the reasons. If you find the reasons first, see where they lead. In the second place, discriminate between the kind of argument that points to one or more particular facts as evidence for some generalization and the kind that offers a series of general statements to prove some further generalizations. The former kind of reasoning is usually referred to as inductive, the latter as deductive; but the names are not what is important. What is important is the ability to discriminate between the two. In the literature of science, this distinction is observed whenever the difference is emphasized between the proof of a proposition by reasoning and its establishment by experiment. Galileo, in his Two New Sciences, speaks of illustrating by experiment conclusions that have already been reached by mathematical demonstration. And in a concluding chapter of his book On the Motion of the Heart, the great physiologist William Harvey writes: "It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body." Sometimes it is possible to support a proposition both by reasoning from other general truths and by offering experimental evidence. Sometimes only one method of argument is available. In the third place, observe what things the author says he must assume, what he says can be proved or otherwise evidenced, and what need not be proved because it is self-evident. He may honestly try to tell you what all his assumptions are, or he may just as honestly leave you to find them out for yourself. Obviously, not everything can be proved, just as not everything can be defined. If every proposition had to be proved, there would be no beginning to any proof. Such things as axioms and assumptions or postulates are needed for the proof of other propositions. If these other propositions are proved, they can, of course, be used as premises in further proofs. Every line of argument, in other words, must start somewhere. Basically, there are two ways or places in which it can start: with assumptions agreed on between writer and reader, or with what are called self-evident propositions, which neither the writer nor reader can deny. In the first case, the assumptions can be anything, so long as agreement exists. The second case requires some further comment here. In recent times, it has become commonplace to refer to self-evident propositions as "tautologies"; the feeling behind the term is sometimes one of contempt for the trivial, or a suspicion of legerdemain. Rabbits are being pulled out of a hat. You put the truth in by defining your words, and then pull it out as if you were surprised to find it there. That, however, is not always the case. For example, there is a considerable difference between a proposition such as "a father of a father is a grandfather," and a proposition such as "the whole is greater than its parts." The former statement is a tautology; the proposition is contained in the definition of the words; it only thinly conceals the verbal stipulation, "Let us call the parent of a parent a 'grandparent'." But that is far from being the case with the second proposition.

Make a precis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give or suggest a title to it. The precis should be written in your own words. Every individual soul is an undeveloped entity, which though not wholly emancipated from the animal instincts, is yet capable of transmuting them. By a willing acceptance of the commanding claims of spirit and a discipline of our nature into conformity with its law, we achieve growth: A redirection of interest and re-education of the unconscious mind alone can transform us from carnal-mindedness into spiritual-mindedness. It means restraint and discipline. There is real temptation, genuine struggle involved in every transcendence of the natural man. But this transcendence is the condition of the fulfilment of personality. Though the effort is costly, the reward is great. This transcendence is a phenomenon common to all progress. From the pursuit of its prey by the amoeba to the spiritual struggles of the striving soul, we have a continuously graded series of purposive efforts. We choose the goal everywhere and adapt the means. Only at the human level we can do so consciously and deliberately. Man is neither the slave of circumstances nor the blind sport of the gods. The impulse to perfection working in the universe has become self-conscious in him. Progress happened in the subhuman world; it is willed in the human. Conscious purpose takes the place of unconscious variations. Man alone has the unrest consequent on the conflict between what he is and what he can be. He is distinguished from other creatures by his seeking after a rule of life, a principle of progress. It is by transforming ourselves that we shall be able to transform the world. The soul of all improvement, it has been rightly said, is the improvement of the soul. We need not leave the building of the new civilization to luck — it is a matter for cunning also. There is a good deal to be done yet. The world is unfinished in several respects. It lies with us to retard or hasten the progress. The lesson of evolution is clear. Life does not work according to any set programme, reaching satisfying climaxes in the progress. It wanders, hesitates, sometimes breaks off abruptly, and often returns upon itself. The processes of nature are by no means economical. The history of the past tells us that, if we choose wrongly, we shall sooner or later be eliminated. Each of us can participate in the process of creating a better world, by understanding the purpose of the universe and identifying ourselves with it. Every individual is a unique entity possessing specific features and capable of contributing a distinctive good to the world. Self-finding is the essence of all perfection. By seeing life steadily and whole, we find our place in it. Each human individual is an association of qualities and functions whose focus can be variously situated and according as this centre is higher or lower, the person's character is superficial or deep. Whatever be the empirical foundations, the choice of the centre redeems them. It is by means of reflection and meditation that we seek a centre which can unify our nature, realize our specific place in the universe, and acquire the strength to play our parts, however humble and however arduous they may be. Hence the necessity for quiet contemplation and solitude. Moral life is one of significance and social value. Mere instinctive reaction or impulsive activity is not moral conduct which must embody an idea or be significant. Crude materials of human nature must be shaped to spiritual ends. It is the form given to the material that matters. All expressions of human life are significant and every one of them is judged by its meaning and purpose. We cannot have any one conventional type or pattern. Each man sees the world from a different angle from that of his fellow. Whatever ideal we choose, we must recognize its nature and believe in its possibility, devise a plan of action, and with suffering and self-sacrificing ardour strive to realize it. Besides, the line of conduct to be moral must contribute to social preservation and harmony, which the progress of evolution aims at. Any line of conduct which is destructive of the human race or promotes discord cannot be regarded as moral. Moral life requires us to respect the dignity of every individual. It is the enrichment of life that comes from the recognition of others and adaptation to them. Uniqueness is a quality which all of us share. The goal of the world process is a harmonious unity in which each individual finds his specific realization. The law of moral progress may best be expressed as one of acceptance and adventure. When we take up the individual unit, we find that there are so many passions and impulses as the raw material of human nature. Any ethical code, which calls upon us to repudiate this given endowment and destroy it, is not a satisfactory one. The given has to be accepted and on the basis of it we have to build higher. Man is never satisfied with mere acceptance or adjustment. There is an urge in his breast that makes him go forward and upward. The ultimate aim of life is not simply to maintain but to elevate the place.

Q4. (c) Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets. (d) Write the antonyms of the following.

Q5. Answer all parts (a) to (d) as instructed.

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in about 600 words :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow in clear and concise form, in your own language. (12×5 = 60)

Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length, in your own words. No title is required.

Translate the following passage into English :

Translate the following passage into Gujarati :

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Translate the following passage into English:

Translate the following passage into Kannada: Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Do as directed:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Read the given passage carefully and answer ANY FIVE of the following questions:

Write a précis of the following passage in Kashmiri, reducing it to about one-third of its length and giving it a suitable title.

Read the following passage and translate it into English.

Read the following passage and translate it into Kashmiri.

Answer the following as directed.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage carefully and, on the basis of your understanding, answer the questions that follow. Provide detailed and analytical answers. (12 × 5 = 60) PASSAGE (Malayalam original): "ജനിതകവൈവിധ്യവും അവരൂപപ്പെടുന്ന ആവാസ വ്യവസ്ഥയും ഉള്‍പ്പെടുന്ന ഭൂമിയിലെ ജീവജാലങ്ങളുടെ വൈവിധ്യസ്വഭാവമാണ് ജൈവവൈവിധ്യം. ഇന്ന് ഈ ജൈവവൈവിധ്യത്തിന് ഏറെയും ഭീഷണികള്‍ നേരിടുന്നു. ഉഷ്ണമേഖലവനങ്ങളുടെയും നാശവും അതുവഴി ഉദിക്കാന്‍ വരുന്ന പ്രകൃതിക്ഷോഭങ്ങളും കാരണം അതിന്റെ മൂല്യവും വലീയ നഷ്ടം നേരിടുന്നു. ഇന്ന് വനങ്ങള്‍ സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്ന ജീവജാലങ്ങള്‍ അപ്രത്യക്ഷം ആവുകയാണ്. ഒസൂണ്‍ ഹോഷ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും വയവാസ്വസ്ഥ്യത്തിനും ഉപയോഗപ്പെടുത്തുന്നു. മനുഷ്യവാസങ്ങള്‍ക്കു വേണ്ടി വന്‍തോതില്‍ കാടുകള്‍ ചട്ടുപൊളിച്ച് കൃഷിയിടങ്ങളാക്കി മാറ്റുന്ന പ്രവണത കൂടിയതോടെ … (Passage continues across pages 2–3)"

Summarise the following prose passage to ONE-THIRD of its original length. Giving a separate title is optional. The summary must be written in your own words. (Marks: 60) PASSAGE (Malayalam original): "സന്തോഷമനെന്നത് അത്യന്തംഭംഗിയില്‍ നാമത്തെthane … (Passage continues across pages 4–6 describing the meaning of happiness, life experiences, social responsibilities, etc.)"

Translate the following Malayalam prose passage into English: "ലോകം നേരിടുന്ന കൊടിയ ഭീഷണിയാണ് ദീർഘവാദം. അമേരിക്ക, ഇന്ത്യ, ഇസ്രായേൽ തുടങ്ങിയ രാജ്യങ്ങൾ ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ പിടിയിൽനിന്ന് മോചിതമാകാൻ പാടുപെടുകയാണ്. എന്നിടെയെങ്കിലും ഈ കുരുക്ക് മുറുകികൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു; എന്നും എപ്പോഴും ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ നിശ്ചർമമായ വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ മാധ്യമങ്ങളില്‍ തലക്കെട്ടുകളാവുന്നു. ഭേദപ്പെട്ടതൊന്നും ഇതുവരെ വാര്‍ത്തകളായിട്ടില്ല; ദിനസന്ധ്യയും നന്മയും വേവലാതിക്കപ്പെട്ടതുമാണ്. എവിടെയും നിരപരാധികളെയാണ് ഇവരുടെ സവന്തരശു മുന്നിലാണ് ബലിനയിക്കുന്നത്. സ്വാവലംബനത്താല്‍ ചില അവിശ്വാസങ്ങളുടെ സ്വാധീനത്തിലാണ് ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ വിത്തുകള്‍ ഇന്ത്യയിലും മുളയ്ക്കുന്നത്. ഇന്ന് ഇന്ത്യയില്‍ എവിടെയൊക്കെയായി വ്യാപിച്ചുകൂടിയുള്ള ഇവരുടെ പ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍ സമുദായത്തേയും രാജ്യത്തെയും ചോരയൂറ്റുകയാണ്. കാശ്മീരിലാണ് അവരുടെ ഏറ്റവും തീവ്രമായ ബസിപ്പിഎന്നത്. അവിടത്തെ തങ്ങളുടെ temel-കകകക? (continues) ... (passage continues up to the phrase) "...എങ്കിൽ മാത്രമേ ഒരു ജനതയ്ക്ക് Alle Nate നടക്കൂ."

Translate the following English prose passage into Malayalam: "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

निम्नलिखित कुनै एउटा विषयमा 600 (छ सय) शब्दमा निबन्ध लेख्नुहोस् :

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई ध्यानपूर्वक पढी त्यसका आधारमा तल दिइएका प्रश्नका उत्तर स्पष्ट, सही अनि संक्षिप्त भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् :

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदको सारांश लगभग एक-तिहाइ शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् । यसकाे शीर्षक लेख्न आवश्यक छ । सारांश आफ्नै भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् ।

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई अंग्रेजीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् :

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई नेपालीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् :

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) India’s scientific tradition: its ancient heritage (b) The deepening crisis of the world-wide monetary system (c) Benefits of digital payment (d) Involving India’s youth in the promotion of sports

Carefully read the following passage written in Sanskrit on ‘Biodiversity’ and answer the questions that follow in clear and grammatical Sanskrit sentences. (12 × 5 = 60) “जैवविविधता (Biodiversity) विषयक जीवितप्रजातीनां विविधता अस्ति। अस्याः विविधतायाः प्रजातीनाम् आनुवंशिकी विविधता तथा परिस्थितिक-तन्त्रस्य (Eco-system) समृद्धिः लक्षणं भवति। … (full passage as printed in the paper) …”

On the basis of the following Sanskrit prose passage, write a précis in your own words of roughly one-third the original length. Do not assign any title; give the context yourself. (Marks : 60) “यदि वयं शास्त्रम् इच्छामः किं नामेदं प्रश्नमिति तर्हि नायं विषयः; अस्माभिः कस्यचित् कल्पनालोके नावलोकनीयः। एष एव विषयः अस्माभिः मनुष्येषु मध्ये अन्वेषणीयः ये सम्पूर्णं च जीवनं जीवन्ति … (passage continues up to the end of the printed text — about 517 words).”

Translate the following passage into ENGLISH. (Marks : 20) “आदर्शकवनाः सम्प्रेष्यापि विषयैः मानतया विविधीकृतकोन्द्री मरुद्गाः अस्ति। अमेरिक-भारत-इजरायल-प्रभृति: देशाः आदर्शवनस्य व्यूहस्य बहिः आभ्यन्तरं संगृहीताः वर्तन्ते … (entire Sanskrit passage as printed in the paper).”

Translate the following passage into SANSKRIT. (Marks : 20) "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

Answer the following: (c) Replace the following words with suitable synonyms: (i) जेबाजो (ii) रांगीण (iii) छोकिरो (iv) रकाबु (v) बुरैउ (d) Explain the meaning of the following idioms/phrases and use each of them in a sentence: (i) वैरी थियण (ii) पोह ढाओ हुवण (iii) रकिस करण (iv) कनफिन में न मानण (v) रज़ा ते रज़ी रहण

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage carefully and, in your own words, answer clearly and concisely the questions given at the end. (12 × 5 = 60)

Précis Writing: Condense the following passage to one-third of its length in your own words. No title is required.

Translate the following passage into English.

Translate the following passage into Tamil.

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics : (a) Importance of traditional Indian knowledge (b) Emerging youth leaders – their role in the spiritual domain (c) Prospects of the digital revolution (d) Indian women in the field of sports – present challenges

Read the passage given in Telugu and write suitable answers to the following questions :

Write a précis of the given Telugu passage, reducing it to ONE-THIRD of its original length. Do NOT supply a title.

Translate the given Telugu passage into English.

Translate the following English passage into Telugu: Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Write an essay of at least 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in clear and correct language. (12×5 = 60 marks) [Passage in Urdu discussing the concept of biodiversity, its accelerating loss during the last quarter-century, causes such as deforestation, over-use of resources, habitat destruction, the need for conservation, and the social-economic consequences of biological degradation.]

Explain the following extract in ONE paragraph in your own words (Urdu). No separate title is required. (60 marks) [Extract in Urdu beginning with “اگر ہم چاہتے ہیں کہ خوشی …” and extending over the next page, dealing with the true philosophy of happiness, self-realisation, social duty, and altruistic living.]

Translate the following passage into English : (20 marks) [Passage in Urdu concerning global terrorism, its menace to humanity, India’s struggle against terrorism, the need for united public and governmental action, and the moral responsibility of every citizen.]

Translate the following passage into Urdu : (20 marks) "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance … This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Consider the circuit of an operational amplifier given here in which Zener diodes Z1 and Z2 are having reverse breakdown voltage = 7.4 V and forward voltage drop = 0.6 V. (i) Draw the output voltage waveform showing voltage value with time and calculate frequency of output waveform. (ii) Modify the circuit for duty cycle factor D = 0.25 by replacing R1 from combination of suitable resistances and diodes, so that output frequency is not changed.

Consider the Boolean function : F(A, B, C, D) = Σ m (1, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) Implement it with a 4-to-1 multiplexer and external gates. Connect inputs A and B to the selection lines. Input to the four data lines is a function of the variables C and D which are obtained by expressing F as a function of C and D for each of the four cases when AB = 00, 01, 10 and 11. Functions are to be implemented with external gates.

Answer the following sub-parts:

Answer all parts:

Answer the following:

Answer the following sub-parts (a) to (e):

Answer the following sub-parts (a) to (c):

Answer the following sub-parts:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

(a) Give a detailed account related to the classification of crystals into different crystallographic systems based on symmetry elements. (b) Describe the structure of the pyroxene group of minerals with suitable diagrams. Discuss the chemical compositions and optical properties of orthopyroxene. (c) Describe the structural classification of silicates with neat sketches. Give one example for each type.

(a) What are migmatites? Describe the important types of migmatites and the processes of their formation. (b) Draw a neat labelled sketch for the albite-anorthite phase diagram (1 atm, dry). Trace the course of crystallization of an initial melt Ab20-An80 within this system. How can you interpret zoning in plagioclase with this system?

(a) Discuss the genesis of any four sedimentary structures which are helpful in palaeocurrent analysis. How are the palaeocurrent patterns helpful in establishing the depositional environment? (b) Discuss the concept of facies model and give a brief account of deltaic facies model. (c) What are conglomerates? Describe their fabrics, classification and geological significance.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 30 words on each of them in your Question-cum-Answer Booklet. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim : (i) Neolithic site (ii) Mesolithic site (iii) Paleolithic site (iv) Neolithic site with stone artefacts (v) Site of Indus Valley Civilization (vi) Early Harappan site with a fire-pit (vii) Late Harappan site (viii) The Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) site (ix) Mesolithic site (x) Megalithic site (xi) Mahajanapada of South India (xii) Site of Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana (xiii) Major Rock Edict of Asoka (xiv) Asokan Minor Rock Edict (xv) Commercial centre of the Mauryas (xvi) Saka-Kushan coin hoard (xvii) An inscription mentioning Ashvamedha Sacrifice (xviii) Site of Post-Mauryan period burnt brick house (xix) Terracotta craft centre of Post-Mauryan period (xx) Important port of the Pallava period

Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each:

Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each:

Examine the impact of the links between scientific education and industrial expansion on German society in the early 20th century.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each. Support your answer with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each. Support your answer with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements.

Answer each of the following in about 150 words:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer each of the following in about 150 words:

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words:

Answer ALL of the following:

Answer ALL of the following:

Answer ALL of the following:

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words:

Write short notes on the following. Each should be written in about 150 words:

Answer all the questions:

Answer all the questions:

Answer all the questions:

Read the given poem critically and answer all the questions that follow:

Critically comment in about 150 words on each of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following in about 150 words each:

Write critical notes in about 150 words on any FIVE of the following :

Answer the following critically :

Answer the following critically :

Answer the following critically :

Answer any FIVE of the following in about 150 words each :

Explain the contextual significance of the following poetic excerpts.

Write critical notes on the following topics:

Write analytical notes on the following:

Answer the following with appropriate textual analysis:

Explain the contextual significance of the following poetic excerpts.

Answer all of the following questions (write your answers in your own words): Explain, with reference to the context, each of the following poetic extracts in about 150 words. 10×5 = 50

Answer all of the following questions:

Answer all of the following questions:

Answer all of the following questions:

Answer all of the following questions: Explain, with reference to the context, each of the following prose passages in about 150 words. 10×5 = 50

ಕೆಳಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ 150 ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೀರದಂತೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸು.

ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ :

ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ :

ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ :

ಕೆಳಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ 150 ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೀರದಂತೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸು.

Write a critical appreciation of the following verses, bringing out their meaning, emotion and stylistic features (in about 150 words each).

Answer ALL of the following questions:

Answer ALL of the following questions:

Answer ALL of the following questions:

Write short critical notes on the following (about 150 words each):

Explain with reference to the context, in about 150 words each, the following extracts.

Answer ANY ONE of the following questions:

Answer ANY ONE of the following questions:

Answer ANY ONE of the following questions:

Explain with reference to the context, in about 150 words each, the following prose passages.

എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉത്തരമെഴുതുക. ഓരോ ഉത്തരവും 150 (നൂറ്റിയമ്പത്) വാക്കുകളില്‍ കവിയരുത്.

താഴെകൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുതി സമര്‍പ്പിക്കുക.

താഴെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുതി സമര്‍പ്പിക്കുക.

താഴെ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുതി സമര്‍പ്പിക്കുക.

എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉത്തരമെഴുതുക. ഓരോ ഉത്തരവും 150 വാക്കുകളില്‍ കവിയരുത്.

സന്ദർഭം, ആശയം, ഭാഷയും എന്നിവ വിശദീകരിക്കുക. ഒരു ഉത്തരം സൃഷ്ടിപരമായി അവതരിപ്പിക്കുമ്പോൾ കവിതയാകരുത്. (10×5 = 50)

താഴെക്കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുത്തുക.

താഴെക്കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന wszystല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുത്തുക.

താഴെക്കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന wszystല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്കും ഉത്തരം എഴുതുക.

എല്ലാ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്കും ഉത്തരമെഴുതുക. ഒരു ഉത്തരം സൃഷ്ടിയവതരിപ്പവത്തിൽ കവിയരുത്. (10×5 = 50)

Write short notes in about 150 words each on the following:

Write short notes in about 150 words each on the following:

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे प्रत्येकी सुमारे एकशे-पन्नास (150) शब्दांत लिहा :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहा :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहा :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहा :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे प्रत्येकी सुमारे एकशे-पन्नास (150) शब्दांत लिहा :

Write a critical appreciation (about 150 words each) of ANY FIVE of the following passages:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Write a critical appreciation (about 150 words each) of ANY FIVE of the following passages:

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿਓ। ਹਰੇਕ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦਾ ਉੱਤਰ 150 ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਹੋਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹਨ।

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹਨ।

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹਨ।

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿਓ। ਹਰੇਕ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦਾ ਉੱਤਰ 150 ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਹੋਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਕਾਵਿ-ਟੁਕੜਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ ਸਹਿਤ ਆਲੋਚਨਾਤਮਕ ਵਿਵੇਚਨਾ ਕਰੋ। (ਸਰਬ ਸੀਮਾ : 150 ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹਰੇਕ)

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿਓ :

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿਓ :

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿਓ :

ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਕਾਵਿ-ਟੁਕੜਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ ਸਹਿਤ ਆਲੋਚਨਾਤਮਕ ਵਿਵੇਚਨਾ ਕਰੋ। (ਸਰਬ ਸੀਮਾ : 150 ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹਰੇਕ)

Answer all of the following (to be written in Sanskrit language).

Answer all of the following (to be written in Sanskrit language).

Read the given passages carefully and answer the questions that follow (to be written in Sanskrit language).

Each answer along with examples of the following questions is to be written within 150 words:

Interpret the purport of the following:

Analyse in detail the following:

The answers of the following questions must be written in Sanskrit language and in Devanāgarī script only:

Explain each of the following verses in Sanskrit language and in Devanāgarī script only (within 150 words):

பின்வரும் ஒவ்வொன்றுக்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்குமிகாமல் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் அனைத்துப் வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் அனைத்துப் வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் ஒவ்வொன்றுக்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்குமிகாமல் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் வினா ஒவ்வொன்றிற்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கு மிக்காமல் விடை தருக :

பின்வரும் அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக :

பின்வரும் அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக :

பின்வரும் அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக :

பின்வரும் வினா ஒவ்வொன்றிற்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கு மிக்காமல் விடை தருக :

అన్ని ప్రశ్నలకు సమగ్ర సమాధానాలు రాయండి. (సమాధానం 150 పదాలకు మించకూడదు)

అన్ని ప్రశ్నలకు సమగ్ర సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

అన్ని ప్రశ్నలకు సమగ్ర సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

అన్ని ప్రశ్నలకు సమగ్ర సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

అన్ని ప్రశ్నలకు సమగ్ర సమాధానాలు రాయండి. (సమాధానం 150 పదాలకు మించకూడదు)

ఈ క్రింది పద్యాలకు సూచించిన విధంగా 150 పదాలలో సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

మొదటి రెండు ప్రశ్నలకు వ్యాస రూపంలో, మూడవ ప్రశ్నకు సంక్షిప్త రూపంలో సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

మొదటి రెండిటికీ వ్యాస రూపంలో, మూడవ ప్రశ్నకు సంక్షిప్త రూపంలో సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

మొదటి రెండు ప్రశ్నలకు వ్యాస రూపంలో, మూడవ ప్రశ్నకు సంక్షిప్త గానం సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

ఈ క్రింది కవితా ఖండికలకు సూచించిన విధంగా సమాధానాలు వివరించండి :

Answer the following questions. Each answer should be about 150 words.

Answer the following questions.

Answer the following questions.

Answer the following questions.

Answer the following questions. Each answer should be about 150 words.

With reference to the context, analyse EACH of the following prose passages, bringing out their background as well as their literary significance. Answer in about 150 words each. (10×5 = 50)

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

With reference to the context, analyse EACH of the following poetic extracts, bringing out their thematic content and literary value. Answer in about 150 words each. (10×5 = 50)

ABC Technologies, a company producing high-tech components, is considering a significant expansion of its production capacity. This expansion will involve substantial fixed costs in new machinery and equipment, and they are also considering increasing their debt financing. The following information is available: Current Situation: Fixed Operating Costs – ₹ 20,00,000·00 Variable Operating Costs per unit – ₹ 50·00 Selling Price per unit – ₹ 150·00 Current Production and Sales – 50,000 units Current Interest Expense – ₹ 10,00,000·00 Expansion Plan: Increased Fixed Operating Costs – ₹ 35,00,000·00 Increased Interest Expense – ₹ 18,00,000·00 Expected increase in Production and Sales – 20,000 units

What is Money Market? Elaborate its key functions in the financial system. Include specific examples of widely used money market instruments and the institutions that deal in them.

Let H and K be two subgroups of a group G such that o(H) > √o(G) and o(K) > √o(G). Show that H ∩ K ≠ {e}, where e is the identity element. Here o(H), o(K) and o(G) denote the order of H, K and G respectively. Let G = {e, x, x², y, yx, yx²} be a non-Abelian group with o(x) = 3 and o(y) = 2. Show that xy = yx² (where e is the identity element of G and o(x), o(y) denote the order of the elements x, y respectively). Examine whether the series Σ_{n=1}^{∞} (–1)^{n-1}/n is absolutely or conditionally convergent. Expand f(z) = 1/[(z+1)(z+3)] in a Laurent series valid for 1 < |z| < 3. How many basic solutions are there for the following system of equations? 2x₁ – x₂ + 3x₃ + x₄ = 6 4x₁ – 2x₂ – x₃ + 2x₄ = 10 Find all of them. Furthermore, find the number of basic solutions, which are feasible/non-feasible/non-degenerate.

Define Cauchy sequence and prove that every convergent sequence of real numbers is a Cauchy sequence. What is the importance of Cauchy condition? Show that 3 is an irreducible element in the integral domain Z[i]. Use the method of contour integration to prove that ∫_{–∞}^{∞} (x² – x + 2)/(x⁴ + 10x² + 9) dx = 5π/12.

Evaluate the integral ∮_C e^z / [z² (z+1)³] dz, C : |z| = 2. Show that the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid x²/a² + y²/b² + z²/c² = 1 is 8abc / (3√3). Apply the principle of duality to solve the following linear programming problem : Maximize Z = 3x₁ + 4x₂ subject to x₁ – x₂ ≤ 1, x₁ + x₂ ≥ 4, x₁ – 3x₂ ≤ 3, x₁, x₂ ≥ 0.

Examine whether the mapping φ : Z[x] → Z defined by φ(f(x)) = f(0), for f(x) ∈ Z[x], is a homomorphism. Deduce that the ideal (x) is a prime ideal in Z[x], but not a maximal ideal in Z[x]. Prove that every continuous function is Riemann integrable. The following table shows all the necessary information on the available supply to each warehouse, the requirement of each market and the unit transportation cost from each warehouse to each market : Market I II III IV Supply Warehouse A 5 2 4 3 22 B 4 8 1 6 15 C 4 6 7 5 8 Requirement 7 12 17 9 The shipping clerk has worked out the following schedule from experience : 12 units from A to II, 1 unit from A to III, 9 units from A to IV, 15 units from B to III, 7 units from C to I and 1 unit from C to III. Find the optimal schedule and minimum total shipping cost.

Find the solution of the equation (D² + DD′ – 2D′²) z = y sin x, where D = ∂/∂x and D′ = ∂/∂y. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gauss-Seidel method: 10x + 2y + z = 9 2x + 20y – 2z = –44 –2x + 3y +10z = 22 (i) Convert the number (3479)₁₀ into binary system and the number (7AE·9F)₁₆ into decimal system. (ii) Determine the truth table for the Boolean function F(x, y, z) = (x + y + z′)(x′ + y′). Also derive the full disjunctive normal form of F(x, y, z) from the truth table.

(a) A low carbon steel stock of thickness 25 mm is to be rolled in two stages. In the first stage, the reduction is to be from 25 mm to 15 mm and in the second stage from 15 mm to 5 mm. Determine the minimum diameter of the rolls for the two stages if the maximum angle of bite is 35° for the first stage and 25° for the second stage. Also, calculate the required coefficient of friction in both the stages. (b) In an arc welding process of steel with a potential of 15 V, current of 150 A and travel speed of 5 mm s⁻¹, the cross-sectional area of joint is 15 mm². If heat required to melt the steel is 10 J mm⁻³ and heat-transfer efficiency is 0·75, calculate the melting efficiency. (c) In an automobile manufacturing industry the demand for a specific part was 250 in April, 100 in May and 200 in June. The forecast for April was 150. Calculate the forecast for the month of July with a smoothing constant of 0·25 using first-order exponential smoothing. (d) Five different products are manufactured in a mixed-model production line. The time required for each task (in seconds) is : Product-1 Product-2 Product-3 Product-4 Product-5 Task A 5 5 – 5 5 B 6 6 6 – 6 C 6 – 6 6 – D 7 7 – – 7 E – 4 4 4 – Each product requires a set of tasks. Calculate the total number of work-stations for this mixed-model assembly line if the cycle time is 15 s. (e) For the given dimensions of mated parts, determine the allowance, hole tolerance and shaft tolerance using the basic hole system. Hole : 57·50 mm, 57·52 mm Shaft : 57·47 mm, 57·45 mm

(a-i) If the power source characteristic in a Metal Inert Arc welding process is Vp = 38 – I⁄60 and the arc characteristic is Va = 3La + 27, calculate the change in arc power when arc length changes from 1 mm to 3 mm. Also find the maximum arc length sustainable when source current limit is 300 A. (a-ii) An EDM process cuts a 6 mm deep cavity in high-carbon steel using (I) copper–tungsten and (II) copper electrodes. Taking wear ratios 9 : 1 and 3 : 1 respectively, determine the required spindle movement. (b-i) In ECM a 15 mm diameter, 125 mm deep hole is to be drilled in high-carbon steel. With 45 A current and 15 % NaCl electrolyte, find the machining time. Take valency of Fe = 2, atomic weight 56, density of steel 7·8 g cm⁻³. (b-ii) Using ECM to machine Nimonic-75 alloy (composition table given) and the lowest valency of dissolution for each element (data table given), compute the material-removal rate when current is 1050 A. (c) With a line diagram explain the different flow patterns used in plant layouts. State the conditions that must be satisfied by an ideal flow pattern.

(a) In an orthogonal machining process of medium-carbon steel using an HSS tool with 9° rake angle, the following were observed: feed 0·25 mm rev⁻¹, cutting speed 250 m min⁻¹, depth of cut 1·5 mm, chip-thickness ratio 0·30, vertical cutting force 1100 N, horizontal cutting force 600 N. Calculate (i) shear force along shear plane, (ii) normal force on shear plane, (iii) friction force along rake surface, (iv) normal force along rake surface, (v) friction angle, (vi) work done in shear, (vii) work done in friction. (b) Annual demand for an item is 2400 units, unit cost ₹ 6. A 5 % discount is offered for orders of 500 units or more. Ordering cost is ₹ 32 per order and inventory carrying cost is 16 %. Determine whether accepting the discount is economical.

(a) What are the various computer languages used for NC machines? Explain the merits and limitations of each language. (b) A small manufacturing unit produces bolts and the weight of each bolt is measured. The target weight for a bolt is 60 g. A sample of 5 bolts is taken every day for 30 days. The weight (in grams) for the first 5 days is given below: Day Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 1 59·8 60·2 60·0 60·1 59·9 2 60·1 60·3 60·2 60·0 59·8 3 59·7 60·0 60·1 59·9 60·2 4 60·0 59·8 60·2 60·1 59·9 5 60·2 60·3 60·1 60·0 59·9 Calculate the control limits for the X̄ (X-bar) chart. The constant A₂ for a sample size of 5 is 0·577. (c) A certain component can be manufactured either by welding or by forging process. The factory has an order for 5,00,000 units. The costs involved for both methods of manufacturing are as follows: Welding Forging Fixed cost ₹ 15,000 ₹ 94,000 Variable cost per unit ₹ 5 ₹ 4·25 (i) Which is the most economical method of manufacturing the component? Draw the indicative graph also for BEP. (ii) What will be the loss if a wrong choice is made?

Briefly describe the role of lifestyle interventions in prevention of coronary artery disease.

A 23-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with nausea, vomiting and altered sensorium. On examination, she is tachypneic and hypotensive. Her random blood sugar is 460 mg/dL, and routine examination of urine is positive (++) for ketone. Outline the stepwise approach to the diagnosis and management of this patient.

(i) Elaborate the indications for initiating antiviral therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis B. (ii) Write the first-line antivirus treatment regimen for the management of chronic hepatitis B along with the recommended monitoring strategy during therapy.

(i) How do you differentiate between acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) based on peripheral smear and bone marrow findings? (ii) Describe the current standard of care for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults and children.

(i) Enumerate the advantages as well as the limitations of laparoscopic surgery. (ii) Describe the different techniques of creating pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

A reversible heat engine operates with three reservoirs at 300 K, 400 K and 1200 K. It absorbs 1200 kJ energy as heat from the reservoir at 1200 K and delivers 400 kJ work. Determine the heat interactions with the other two reservoirs.

Answer the following five questions:

Answer the following:

Answer the following:

Answer the following:

Answer the following:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 1.(a) Imperfect market and political factors limit the application of Public Choice approach. Explain. 1.(b) The fine art of decision-making is not making decisions that others can make. Comment. 1.(c) Has the media mixed its role in holding the governments accountable and ensuring transparency? Argue. 1.(d) Is Herbert Simon justified in criticizing some principles of administration as proverbs? Analyse. 1.(e) Administrative Law has evolved from the need to create a system of Public Administration under law. Elucidate.

2.(a) New Public Management has actually been a transitory state in evolution from traditional Public Administration to what is here called New Public Governance. Examine. 2.(b) Mary Parker Follett pioneered the evolution of socio-psychological approach to the study of organizations. Explain. 2.(c) Under the New Public Management framework ‘Public Private Partnership’ challenges the entropy of closed and open models of organization. Analyse.

3.(a) In conflict situations in organizations, leadership migrates to the aggressive and relegates the emotionally matured to the background. Discuss. 3.(b) The foundations of Public Administration, New Public Management and Public Governance rest on ‘rule of law’. Discuss. 3.(c) The principles of checks and balances count among the most fundamental constitutional values. Comment.

4.(a) “Delegated legislation should be clear and should confine to the limits determined by the legislature.” In light of the statement explain how misuse of administrative discretion can be checked? 4.(b) Leadership is not only about taking credit for success but also owning up and being accountable for failures. Elucidate. 4.(c) Bureaucracy constitutes the imaginary state and is the spiritualism of the State. Explain.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 5.(a) E-advocacy model of e-governance can facilitate democratization of public policy making. Discuss. 5.(b) Neo-liberal policies have enhanced the scope and opportunities of taxation for the government. Explain. 5.(c) Policy analysis process is limited if possible outcomes and alternate potential policies are neglected. Discuss. 5.(d) Values and ethics in civil services are shaped by global practices and trends. Explain. 5.(e) Economic development alone is not a sufficient component for women development and empowerment. Discuss.

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Assume that in a population of very large number of items, proportion of defective items is 0.30. What should be the size of the sample, if a simple random sample is to be drawn from this population to estimate the percent defective within 2 percent of the true value with 95.5 percent probability? [Given P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.96) = 0.475; and P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 2.005) = 0.4775]

If (X, Y) follows bivariate normal BN(μ1, μ2, σ1², σ2², ρ), then obtain (A) E(e^X) (B) E(e^{X+Y}) (C) Var(e^X) and (D) Correlation between e^X and e^Y.

Analyse and interpret the following data concerning output of wheat per field obtained as a result of experiment conducted to test four varieties of wheat A, B, C and D under a Latin square design at 5% level of significance. [Given F(3, 6) = 4.76; F(4, 7) = 4.12] C B A D 35 33 30 30 A D C B 29 29 31 28 B A D C 29 24 27 30 D C B A 27 30 31 25

What are principal components? Show that the principal components are uncorrelated.

(a) State the significance of operating characteristic (OC) curves in control chart analysis. Obtain the general expression for the OC function corresponding to the mean ( X̄ ) chart under the assumption of normal distribution for a quality characteristic. Using the expression, find the probability that a shift will be detected from μ0 to μ1 = μ0 + 2σ, when an X̄ chart is used with 3σ limits, where the subgroup size is n = 6. (Standard normal table is provided.) (b) What is meant by rectifying inspection? Explain the measures associated with rectifying inspection and derive the expressions of such measures in the case of a single sampling plan by attributes. (c) The lifetime of a semiconductor laser has a log-normal distribution with parameters μ = 10 hours and σ = 1·5 hours. (i) Find the probability that the lifetime exceeds 10000 hours. (ii) What lifetime is exceeded by 99 % of lasers? (Standard normal table is provided.) (d) A stockist has to supply 400 units of a product every Monday to his customers. He gets the product at ₹ 50 per unit from the manufacturer. The cost of ordering and transportation from the manufacturer is ₹ 75 per order. The cost of carrying inventory is 7·5 % per year of the cost of the product. Find (i) the economic lot size, (ii) the total optimal cost (including the capital cost) and (iii) the total weekly profit, if the item is sold for ₹ 55 per unit. (e) On the average, 96 patients per 24-hour day require the service of an emergency clinic. Also, on the average, a patient requires 10 minutes of active attention. Assume that the facility can handle only one emergency at a time. Suppose that it costs the clinic ₹ 1,000 per patient treated to obtain an average serving time of 10 minutes, and that each minute of decrease in this average time would cost the clinic ₹ 100 per patient treated. How much would have to be budgeted by the clinic to decrease the average size of the queue from 1⅓ patients to ⅓ patient?

(a) (i) What are control charts by variables and control charts by attributes? (ii) Derive the control limits for the construction of control charts for the mean and variability based on sample standard deviation. (b) (i) State the assumptions involved under sampling inspection plans by variables and describe the operating procedure of a single sampling plan by variables under the assumption of normal distribution for a quality characteristic. (ii) Establish the relationship between the fraction defective and the acceptance probability under a single sampling plan by variables when the quality characteristic follows a normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ², where σ² is unknown, and when an upper specification limit is specified. Using the relationship, obtain the formula for finding the parameters of the sampling plan. (c) (i) Given a system consisting of n components, define the state vector and the structure function of the system. What do they indicate? (ii) Defining (1) a series system, (2) a parallel system and (3) a k-out-of-n system, obtain the associated expressions for the structure functions and the reliability functions.

(a) A company manufactures 30 items per day. The sale of those items depends upon demand which has the following distribution: 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 units with respective probabilities 0·10, 0·15, 0·20, 0·35, 0·15 and 0·05. The production cost and selling price of each unit are ₹ 400 and ₹ 500 respectively. Any unsold product is to be disposed off at a loss of ₹ 150 per unit. There is a penalty of ₹ 50 per unit if the demand is not met. Use the random numbers 23, 99, 65, 99, 95, 01, 79, 11, 16, 10 to estimate the total profit/loss for the next 10 days. If the company decides to produce 20 items per day, what is the advantage or disadvantage to the company? (b) A company has four plants P1, P2, P3 and P4 from which it supplies to three markets M1, M2 and M3. Determine the optimal transportation plan from the given data showing plant-to-market shipping costs, quantities available at each plant and quantities required at each market. (c) On January 1 (this year), brands A, B and C of a commodity had 40 %, 40 % and 20 % of the market share respectively. Market research shows that brand A retains 90 % of its customers, gaining 5 % of B’s customers and 10 % of C’s customers; brand B retains 85 % of its customers, gaining 5 % of A’s customers and 7 % of C’s customers; brand C retains 83 % of its customers and gains 5 % of A’s customers and 10 % of B’s customers. What will be each brand’s share on January 1 next year, and what will be each brand’s share in the market at equilibrium?

(a) Solve the game whose payoff matrix is [ −1 −2 8 7 5 −1 6 0 12 ]

Write short notes on/Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write on the following in about 150 words each:

Write on the following in about 150 words each: