UPSC Mains 2023 — All Papers & Questions

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss the response of crop plants to rising temperature and carbon dioxide levels in relation to climate change, with suitable examples. (b) How can the cropping intensity and farm profitability be enhanced with the incorporation of different types of speciality corn in existing cropping systems? (c) What are non-wood forest products? How do they help local community development in terms of economy and employment? (d) Briefly write about cultural and chemical weed control methods of soybean and wheat. (e) Give an account of the genesis of soil structure and its significance to crop production.

(a) What do you understand by agroecology? How does agroecology help in crop distribution and sustainable food production? (b) Classify the parasitic weeds on the basis of their parasitism. Explain the preventive measures and integrated management practices for Orobanche. (c) Describe the concept of microbial consortia and its role in crop residue management.

(a) Give the specific features of organic farming and natural farming. Briefly discuss the preparations and role of biodynamics and cow-pat pit in organic crop production. (b) Classify the agroforestry systems and explain in detail the importance of social forestry in Indian context. (c) Write about the various tools used in proximal and remote sensing.

(a) Discuss the primary pathways of gaseous nitrogen losses from soil and the factors affecting nitrogen losses. (b) Discuss the following in relation to groundnut: (i) Role of macro- and micro-nutrients (ii) Pegging (iii) Critical growth stages for irrigation (iv) Weed management (v) Region-specific cropping systems (c) Give a brief note on GIS-based soil mapping and yield mapping.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss the ways and means of minimising erosion for conserving soil. (b) What are the major aims of irrigation? Discuss the different types of irrigation efficiencies which are used in adjudging the most efficient irrigation method. (c) Discuss on the various issues related to farm women empowerment. How do self-help groups play major role in empowering farm women? (d) Explain the important types of agricultural markets in India. (e) Discuss the efforts of the Government of India for extension, renovation and modernization of irrigation projects.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Discuss the following in about 150 words each:

Describe the following in about 150 words each:

Write notes on the following in about 150 words each :

Write notes on the following in about 150 words each :

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Cell-cell adhesion mechanism (b) Structure and functions of cytoskeleton (c) Characteristics of triplet codon (d) Crossing over and its significance (e) Correlation, its types and significance

(a) Differentiate between polytene chromosomes and normal chromosomes. (b) Describe polygenic inheritance by giving suitable examples. (c) Describe the problems associated with gene transfer in plants. Write a note on the status of transgenic research in India.

(a) What are the major requirements for a successful back-crossing programme? Describe its procedure, advantages and limitations. (b) Describe the mechanism involved in membrane transport and vesicular transport. (c) Describe the theory of natural selection and its significance.

(a) Describe the structure, kinds, chemical nature, origin and functions of lysosomes. (b) Explain multiple alleles and their characteristics. How are they different from pseudoalleles? (c) Describe the procedure, requirements and efficiency level of gene amplification through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Biological significance of mineral elements in plants (b) Photo-oxidation of water by photosystem II through oxygen-evolving complex (c) Photoperiodic induction and the perception site of photoperiodic stimulus (d) Role of light as a limiting factor in an ecosystem (e) Forests are an important wealth of the country

Consider the reaction H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) → H2O(l), which occurs in a H2–O2 fuel cell. (i) Identify the elements that undergo oxidation and reduction. (ii) Calculate the standard reaction Gibbs free energy (ΔrG°) at 25 °C. (iii) Write down the two reduction half-reactions for the cell. (iv) Calculate the Ecell. Given that ΔfH°(H2O, l) = –285.83 kJ mol–1 Sm°(H2O, l) = 69.91 J K–1 mol–1 Sm°(H2, g) = 130.68 J K–1 mol–1 Sm°(O2, g) = 205.14 J K–1 mol–1

Identify all the possible products in the above reaction showing the sequential pathways of their formation.

For the following compound : (i) Identify the site of initial ionization under EI conditions. (ii) Draw the structure of ion having m/z = 58 value. (iii) Calculate the m/z value of metastable ion formed during the formation of the above ion.

Q1. Answer all FIVE sub-parts: (a) An aluminium tensile specimen has a diameter of 30·50 mm and a gauge length of 275 mm. If a force of 17·50 × 10⁴ N elongates the gauge length by 1·28 mm, determine the Poisson’s ratio and the modulus of elasticity. Also, determine by how much the force contracts the diameter of the specimen. Assume shear modulus G = 22 GPa and yield strength σy = 435 N/mm². (b) A solid steel shaft of diameter 65 mm is to be designed using an allowable shear stress τallow = 60 N/mm² and an allowable angle of twist per metre θ = 1°05′. Determine the maximum permissible torque that may be applied to the shaft. Take shear modulus as 80 GPa. (c) In the figure shown below, a strong-box of mass 85 kg rests on a floor. The static coefficient of friction for the contact surface is 0·25. What is the largest force, F, and the highest position, h, for applying this force such that the strong-box will neither slip on the floor nor tip over? (d) As shown in the figure, a beam of symmetrical I-section spanning 8·0 m is prestressed by a parabolic cable with an eccentricity of 150 mm at mid-span and zero at supports. The beam supports a uniformly distributed live load of 2·5 kN/m. (i) Find the effective force in the cable that will balance the dead and live loads on the beam. (ii) Calculate the shift of the pressure line from the tendon’s centre-line. Take the unit weight of concrete as 24 kN/m³. (e) A tie member consisting of an ISA 75 × 50 × 8 angle (E-250 grade steel) is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate by a 6 mm fillet weld made in situ on three sides, as shown in the figure. The angle between fusion faces is 75°. Determine the lengths of weld Lw₁ and Lw₂ if the connection is to transmit a load equal to the design strength of the member. For ISA 75 × 50 × 8 : Ag = 938 mm² and Cxx = 25·2 mm. Take γm0 = 1·10; for site welding γmw = 1·5; K = 0·7 for 60°–90° angle between fusion faces. For E-250 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa.

Q2. Answer both sub-parts: (a) Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams for the beam loaded as shown in the figure. (b) As per the limit-state method, a simply supported ISMB 550 @ 1·037 kN/m of 7 m effective span is required to carry a uniformly distributed load from a concrete slab, a central dead load of 100 kN, an additional live load of 150 kN, and its own distributed self-weight of 50 kN. Check the beam for (i) shear capacity, (ii) bending capacity, (iii) deflection, and (iv) bearing and web buckling at supports, using the data provided (fy = 250 MPa, E = 2 × 10⁵ MPa, γm0 = 1·1, βb = 1·0, ψ = 1·2, table of fcd values, etc.).

A strip footing of width 2.8 m as shown in the figure is founded at a depth of 2.5 m below the ground surface in a C – φ soil. Water table is at a depth of 6 m below the ground surface. The average moist weight of soil above the water table is 18 kN/m³. Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net allowable bearing pressure and the load per metre for a factor of safety of 2.5. Use the general shear failure theory of Terzaghi. Given : For φ = 30°, N_c = 37.2, N_q = 22.5, N_γ = 19.7 What will be the percent decrease in ultimate bearing capacity if, during flooding, the water level rises 2 m above ground surface?

SECTION 'A' 1.(a) What are the approximate limits of chemical (oxide) composition in hydraulic cement? Also state the function of oxides in brief. 1.(b) (i) Explain with neat sketches, how Work Breakdown Structure can be defined with respect to Construction Project Management. (ii) With an example, explain how the work breakdown structure can be classified. 1.(c) What do you understand by workability of concrete? Write the procedure for any one measurement method available to check the workability of concrete. 1.(d) A 100 km length railway line is to be constructed for doubling the existing track. Calculate the quantity of track material required to construct the track. Consider the length of rail as 13 m, density of sleepers as (n + 4) and width of sleeper as 250 mm. 1.(e) The Fore Bearing of side AB of regular hexagonal polygon ABCDEFA in whole circle bearing system is 120°. Find the Fore Bearings and Back Bearings of all the other sides. Also find the bearings of line BE and BF.

2.(a) For a project consisting of several activities, the allotted time and the dependencies of the activities are presented below: Activity Duration (days) Pre-decessor P 5 – Q 4 – R 6 Q S 5 P T 7 P U 4 T, R (i) Prepare a network and mark critical path in it. (ii) Calculate Float, Earliest start, Earliest finish, Latest start and Latest finish times. 2.(b) Trains of different speeds are to be run on a 2° curve on a broad gauge. The average speed of trains to be run on the track is 80 kmph. Calculate the value of equilibrium cant. Also calculate the maximum permissible speed on the track allowing the maximum cant deficiency. 2.(c) (i) An aircraft flew at the altitude of 5000 m above the mean sea level. Two consecutive photographs were taken with the camera of focal length 300 mm on the flat ground having elevation of 2000 m above mean sea level. The longitudinal overlap is 65 % and photograph print size is 300 mm × 300 mm. Calculate the scale of the photograph and distance between the two consecutive exposure stations. (ii) What is spectral reflectance curve? Explain its significance in Remote Sensing.

3.(a) (i) Explain any two traffic surveys carried out to decide the geometric design features of a road. (ii) The relationship between speed and density for a given section of road was found to be v = 100 – 1.2 k, where v is speed in km h⁻¹ and k is density in vehicles km⁻¹. Calculate the speed and density at which maximum flow will occur. Also draw the speed-density, speed-flow and flow-density diagrams indicating the critical values. 3.(b) Starting from ground point A having elevation 100·500 m, levels from points B to F were taken inside a tunnel keeping the staff inverted. The above-staff readings observed are given in the table below. Calculate the levels of all the points marked inside the tunnel and apply the usual checks for calculations. (Complete staff readings table as provided.) 3.(c) Explain in brief (with neat sketches) the phenomenon of bulking of sand. How does bulking of sand affect the concrete mix?

4.(a) A machine was purchased for ₹ 4,50,000 on 1st January 2001 and erection and installation cost was ₹ 80,000. The same machine was replaced by a new one on 31st December 2020. If the scrap value was estimated at ₹ 1,50,000: (i) What should be the rate of depreciation fund on 15th June 2010? (ii) If after 12 years of running, some assemblies are replaced and the replacement cost is ₹ 1,50,000, what will be the new rate of depreciation? 4.(b) What is dampness in a building? What are the main causes of dampness and what are the remedies being suggested for making a building damp-proof? 4.(c) A flexible pavement has been designed for two-lane single carriageway of width 7 m with the following data: (i) Commercial vehicles per day in each direction = 750 (as on 31-03-2018) (ii) Date of completion of construction = 31-03-2020 (iii) Rate of traffic growth = 10 % per annum (iv) Design life = 10 years (v) Vehicle damage factor = 2.0 (vi) Lane distribution factor (LDF) for 2-lane single carriageway road = 0.75 (vii) LDF for 4-lane dual carriageway road = 0.75 in each direction Due to some issues, starting of construction got delayed and work actually started on 01-04-2023. In the meantime, the government decided to develop the road as a four-lane dual carriageway. Considering the same design data as planned earlier, calculate the new design life of the project. Assume any additional data required for the design suitably.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) What is meant by buyback of shares by companies? Explain the reasons and sources of buyback of shares. (b) "Cost Accounting is becoming more and more relevant in the emerging economic scenario in India." Comment. (c) Explain the major points to be considered by an auditor while auditing the accounts of a non-profit organization. (d) Briefly explain the accounting treatment of Government Grants as per AS–12. (e) "An assessee is not only liable in respect of his own incomes for tax purposes but his liability may extend to some other incomes also." Explain.

(a) The Balance Sheet of AB Ltd. as on March 31, 2022 is as under: ₹ I. Equity and Liabilities 1. Shareholders’ Funds : (a) Share Capital : 16000 Equity Shares of ₹ 100 each fully paid 16,00,000 (b) Reserves and Surplus (–) 21,40,000 2. Non-Current Liabilities : 8% Debentures 28,00,000 Accrued Interest 1,40,000 3. Current Liabilities : Sundry Creditors 9,00,000 Income Tax Liability 20,000 Total 33,20,000 II. Assets 1. Non-Current Assets : Land, Building and Machinery 28,00,000 2. Current Assets : Stock 2,00,000 Sundry Debtors 80,000 Investments 30,000 Cash at Bank 2,06,000 Cash in Hand 4,000 Total 33,20,000 The fixed assets are heavily overvalued. A scheme of reorganization was prepared and passed. The salient points of the scheme are the following : (i) Each share shall be sub-divided into ten fully paid Equity Shares of ₹ 10 each. (ii) After such sub-division, each shareholder shall surrender to the company 90% of his holding, for the purpose of re-issue to debenture holders and creditors so far as required and otherwise for cancellation. (iii) Of those surrendered, 100000 Equity Shares of ₹ 10 each shall be converted into 8% Preference Shares of ₹ 10 each fully paid for debenture holders. (iv) The debenture holders’ total claim shall be reduced to ₹ 10,00,000. This will be satisfied by the issue of 100000 Preference Shares of ₹ 10 each fully paid. (v) The claim of sundry creditors shall be reduced by 80% and the balance shall be satisfied by allotting them Equity Shares of ₹ 10 each fully paid from the shares surrendered. (vi) Shares surrendered and not re-issued shall be cancelled. Assuming that the scheme is duly approved by all parties interested and by the Court, draft necessary Journal Entries and Balance Sheet of the company after the scheme has been carried into effect. (b) A newly setup manufacturing company is planning to produce a product that will be sold for ₹ 150 per unit. The demand of the product is estimated at 10000 units per year. The company has the choice of two machines (i.e., Machines A and B), each of which has a capacity of producing 10000 units per year. Machine A would have fixed costs of ₹ 4,00,000 per year and would yield a profit of ₹ 5,00,000 per year on sale of 10000 units. Machine B would have fixed costs of ₹ 2,80,000 per year and would yield profit of ₹ 3,20,000 per year on sale of 10000 units. Variable costs behave linearly for both machines. Calculate the volume of sales at which the costs of two machines will be indifferent. (c) What is the relevance of residential status as per the Indian Income-tax Act, 1961? Discuss in detail how the residential status of an individual is determined for income-tax purposes.

(a) From the following information, prepare Process Accounts and calculate the actual profits earned by X Ltd. for the month of April 2022: Particulars (₹) Processes Finished A B C Stock Opening Stock 8,000 9,600 6,400 24,000 Direct Material 16,000 16,800 24,000 – Direct Wages 12,000 12,000 12,800 – Overheads 11,200 4,800 32,000 – Closing Stock 4,000 4,800 3,200 12,000 Profit on Cost (%) 33⅓ 25 25 – Inter-process Profit for Opening Stock – 1,600 1,600 8,800 Stocks in process are valued at prime cost and finished stock has been valued at the price at which it was received from Process C. Sales during the period were ₹ 2,80,000.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.

Answer the following:

Answer each of the following in about 150 words:

Answer each of the following in about 150 words:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) Upholding a sustainable lifestyle and the environment (b) Mobile-phone addiction (c) Limitations of on-line education (d) Privacy: a conviction

Read carefully the passage given below and answer, in brief and to the point, the questions that follow: [Passage in Assamese on the concepts of production, cost of production, labour inputs, rural employment, gender composition of workers, and national income accounting – approximately 473 words] (a) What is the total annual value of production? (b) Define the term ‘cost of production’. (c) What is the nature of India’s natural resources? (d) Why is the share of women workers said to be low? (e) Relate the size of India’s labour force to the total population.

Write a précis of the following passage in one-third of its length. No title is required. Use your own words. [Passage in Assamese of roughly 436 words on the ideas of ‘truth’ and ‘completeness’, human knowledge, scientific progress, and the cultural significance of honesty.]

Translate the following Assamese passage into English: “সময় অমূল্য। প্ৰকৃততে এই পৃথিৱীৰ সময় একমাত্ৰ অনবৰ্ত্বৱ স্তৱ, যি সীমিত। যদি আপুনি সম্পদ হেৰুৱাই তেতিয়াও তাক পুনৰ অৰ্জন কৰিব পাৰিব। ঘড়ি হেৰোৱাল তাকক উদ্ধাৰ পাব পাৰি। যদি আপুনি সময় হেৰুৱাই তাক পুনৰধাৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টাও কৰিব নোৱাৰি ...”

Translate the following English passage into Assamese: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly …”

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage carefully and, in brief and correct language, answer the questions given below:

Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, in about one-third of its length. No title is required.

Translate the following Bengali passage into English.

Translate the following English passage into Bengali:

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the five questions that follow (12 × 5 = 60).

Prepare a précis of the following passage and supply a suitable title.

Develop the following idea/quotation into a composition.

Translate the following passage into Bodo: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) OTT and the future of Multiplexes (b) Global warming in an unequal world (c) Social media and the marketing of the self (d) Happiness is a state of mind

Read carefully the passage given below and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language: It must be emphasised that rights have corresponding duties as well as obligations. The two are correlated. Rights and duties of citizens are two sides of the same coin. The relationship between them is two-fold. Firstly, society functions on the principles of reciprocity. My rights involve a duty, on the part of others to respect my rights and also a duty on my part to respect the similar rights of others. Society works on the principle of, "he who takes gives and he who gives takes". Indeed, my right is a part and parcel of the good of other members of society and, therefore, the degree of my enjoyment of a particular right has to be conceived in terms of the similar claims of other citizens. My right is integrally related to the rights of my fellow human beings. The one cannot exist without the other. A society in which people care less for their own duties and more for their rights, sooner or later, disintegrates. In their frantic effort for the vindication of their own rights at the expense of fellow human beings, society will be reduced to the status of a jungle in which ultimately the law of might will prevail. In order that everyone enjoys his or her rights it is necessary that we recognise our obligations towards others. We cannot say that we shall be free while others will be bound with their obligations. Such a position is quite untenable and inhuman. Secondly, the logic of rights and duties also implies that if we have certain claims against the state, it is also our responsibility to contribute something towards its enrichment by doing a socially useful work. The state creates those conditions in which we can realise ourselves. In return for this, it is our duty to take advantage of these conditions and give our best to it. The best way in which we can contribute to the social stock is by following duties towards our nation, in recognising our social responsibilities and unscrupulously respecting the similar rights of others. One does not contribute only by being a son of a prime minister or a poet but by being oneself. I may not succeed in my life, but if I have given sufficient indications of sincere efforts to make such contribution, as I am capable of, my job is done. It is a duty of every one of us that we must develop our personality so as to be able to contribute our best to society. A citizen should make available valuable judgement on the various issues confronting it. One must pay one's taxes to the state and must refrain from interfering with the similar rights of other members of society. So long as the state helps in fostering a climate conducive to happiness of the individuals, the citizens must also help it in maintaining law and order and must honestly perform their public duties. They should leave no stone unturned for strengthening their own country and if need arises must be prepared to defend it at any cost. These obligations by being reciprocal in character do not impose restrictions on the rights of individuals; rather, they give them fuller and greater reality. To think that my rights can be separated from my duties is to be guilty of gross selfishness. It is only by performing a useful function in society that we contribute towards its enrichment. A state in which citizens care more about their rights, and less about their duties remains in a precarious situation. It would lead first to anarchy and then to its disintegration. In order to preserve my right it is necessary that I must convince my fellow human beings that in granting such a right they would be enabling me to participate in the good of society. I must show, that so far as the society does not secure me this right, it derogates me from the status of a human being and my capacity to make my contribution to social welfare. It is only in the apprehension of this equation between individual's functions and social well-being by the members of society that a true theory of rights can be constructed and society can be built on stable foundations.

Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give a title to it. The précis should be written in your own words: Like all the sins except pride, anger is perversion, caused by pride, of something in our nature which in itself is innocent, necessary to our own existence and good. Thus, while everyone is proud in the same way; each of us is angry or lustful or envious in his own way. Natural, or innocent, anger is the necessary reaction of a creature when its survival is threatened by the attack of another creature and it cannot save itself (or its offspring) by flight. Such anger, accompanied by physiological changes, like increased secretion of adrenalin, inhibits fear so that the attacked creature is able to resist the threat to its extinction. In the case of young creatures that are not capable of looking after themselves, anger is a necessary emotion when their needs are neglected: a hungry baby does right to scream. Natural anger is a reflex reaction, not a voluntary one; it is a response to a real situation of threat and danger, and as soon as the threat is removed, the anger subsides. No animal lets the sun go down upon its wrath. Anger, even when it is sinful, has one virtue; it overcomes sloth. Anybody, like a schoolmaster, a stage director or an orchestral conductor, whose business it is to teach others to do something, knows that, on occasions, the quickest — perhaps the only — way to get those under him to do their best is to make them angry. Anger as a sin is either futile (the situation in which one finds oneself cannot or should not be changed, but must be accepted) or unnecessary (the situation could be mastered as well or better without it). Man is potentially capable of the sin of anger because he is endowed with memory — the experience of an event persists — and with the faculty of symbolization (to him, no object or event is simply itself). He becomes actually guilty of anger because he is first of all guilty of the sin of pride, of which anger is one of many possible manifestations. Because every human being sees the world from a unique perspective, he can, and does, choose to regard himself as its centre. The sin of anger is one of our reactions to any threat, not to our existence, but to our fancy that our existence is more important than the existence of anybody or anything else. None of us wishes to be omnipotent, because the desires of each are limited. We are glad that other things and people exist with their own ways of behaving — life would be very dull if they didn't — so long as they do not thwart our own. Similarly, we do not want others to conform with our wishes because they must — life would be very lonely if they did — but because they choose to; we want ‘devoted’ slaves. The middle class culture in which I grew up strongly discouraged overt physical expression of anger; it was far more permissive, for example, towards gluttony, lust and avarice. In consequence, I cannot now remember ‘losing’ my temper so that I was beside myself and barely knew what I was doing. Since childhood, at least, I have never physically assaulted anyone, thrown things or chewed the carpet. (I do, now and again, slam doors.) Nor have I often seen other people do these things. In considering anger, therefore, most of my facts are derived from introspection and may not be valid for others, or from literature, in which human has to be subordinated to dramatic effect. In my own case — I must leave the psychological explanation to professionals — my anger is more easily aroused by things and impersonal events than by other people. I don't, I believe, expect others to do what I wish and am seldom angry when they don't. I do not mind losing at cards if the other players are more skilful than I; but, if I cannot help losing because I have been dealt a poor hand, I get furious. If traffic lights fail to change obligingly to red when I wish to cross the road, I am angry; if I enter a restaurant and it is crowded, I am angry. My anger, that is to say, is most easily aroused by a situation which is (a) not to my liking, (b) one I know I cannot change and (c) one for which I can hold no human individual responsible. This last condition is the most decisive. I like others to be on time and hate to be kept waiting, but if someone deliberately keeps me waiting because, say, he is annoyed with me or wishes to impress me with his importance, I am far less angry than I am if I know him to be unpunctual by nature. In the first case, I feel I must be partly responsible — if I had behaved otherwise in the past, he would not have kept me waiting; and I feel hopeful — perhaps I can act in the future in such a way that our relationship will change and he will be punctual next time. In the second case, I know that it is in his nature to be late for others, irrespective of their relationship, so that, in order to be on time, he would have to become another person.

Answer the following:

Rewrite the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning:

નીચેના માંથી કોઈ એક વિષે 600 શબ્દોમાં નિબંધ લખો : (a) ઉપભોક્તાવાદી જીવનશૈલી અને પર્યાવરણ (b) મોબાઇલફોનની દુનિયા (c) ઑનલાઈન શિક્ષણની સવલતાઓ (d) આત્મનિર્ભરતા : એક પડકાર

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડ ધ્યાનપૂર્વક વાંચી તેને અને આપવામાં આવેલા પ્રશ્નોના સ્પષ્ટ, સચોટ અને સંક્ષિપ્ત ઉત્તર તમારી ભાષામાં લખો : (ગદ્યખંડ – અંદાજે 750 શબ્દો) (a) શ્રમિક કોને કહેવાય છે ? (b) કુલ સ્થાનિક ઉત્પાદનમાં અર્થ શું ? (c) ભારતમાં રોજગારીની સ્થિતિ કેવી છે ? (d) કઈ ક્ષેત્રોમાં સમયસર શ્રમિકોને કામમાં લેવામાં આવતો નથી ? (e) ભારતમાં શ્રમિક સંસ્થાઓની ટકાવારી કેટલી છે ?

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનું સંક્ષેપીકરણ લખો – મૂળ ગદ્યખંડનાં લગભગ એક‐તૃતિયાંશ શબ્દોમાં, તમારા શબ્દોમાં; શીર્ષક આપવાની જરૂર નથી.

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનો અંગ્રેજીમાં અનુવાદ કરો :

नિમ્નलिखित ગદ્અંશનો गुजरातीમાં અનુવાદ કરો : We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Consumerist lifestyle and the environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism: a challenge

Read the following passage carefully and, on its basis, answer the questions given below in clear, correct and concise language. (12 × 5 = 60) Passage: When a farmer works in the fields, he produces raw material for food as well as for industry. Cotton, for example, takes the form of cloth in textile mills, and transport carries goods from one place to another. We know that the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year is called its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We receive money for exports and pay money for imports; the net earnings from this may be positive, negative, or zero. By adding these net earnings we obtain the country’s GDP for that year. All activities that contribute to the national product are called economic activities. All persons engaged in economic activities, whether at a high or a low level, are called workers. Even if some of them fail to work temporarily owing to illness, compulsion, bad weather or social–religious festivals, they are still regarded as workers. Those who help the principal workers are also treated as workers. Generally we think that only those who are paid by an employer are workers, but that is not so; the self-employed are workers as well. Employment in India is of many kinds. Some people find work throughout the year; others get work only for a few months. Most labourers do not receive the proper wages for the work they do. While estimating the number of workers we include, under the category of employed persons, all those engaged in economic activity at any time. In 2011-12 the size of India’s labour force was estimated at about 473 million. Because most of the population lives in rural areas, the proportion of rural labourers is higher than that of urban labourers; of those 473 million workers three-quarters were rural. Men predominate in India’s labour force. In rural areas women constitute one-third of all workers, whereas in towns only 20 percent of women participate. Women cook food, fetch water, plaster mud floors and also work in the fields, but they do not receive wages in cash or grain; in many cases they receive nothing at all. For this reason they are not counted among the workers, although economists insist that these women too should be recognised as workers.

Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, compressing it to about one-third of its length. No title is required. (60 marks) Passage: Among the words that come to mind most quickly and are used most often are two – “civilization” and “culture”. Imagine the time when human society had not yet discovered fire! Today every household has a stove burning. The man who first discovered fire must have been a very great inventor. Or imagine the time when mankind did not know the wheel. The person who shaped a piece of iron into a wheel must also have been a great inventor. Consider these two examples. In the first there are two elements: first, the particular man had the ability to discover fire and, second, the discovery of fire itself. In the second example, likewise, one person had the capacity to invent the wheel and, secondly, there was the invention itself. The ability, tendency and inspiration that produced the discovery are what we call civilization, and the tangible manifestation that results from it is culture. A cultured person discovers something new, but his descendants obtain that discovery effortlessly from their forefathers. The person whose intellect shows him a new path is the truly cultured man; his descendants, who inherit the discovery ready-made, may also be called cultured, but not in the original sense. Take a modern example: Newton discovered the law of gravitation; he was a cultured human being. A student of modern physics knows that law and much besides, yet we cannot call him more cultured than Newton. Hunger was probably the chief inspiration behind the discovery of fire, and the urge to escape cold and adorn the body behind the invention of cloth. Now imagine the man whose belly is full, whose body is clothed, but who, lying beneath the open sky at night, gazes at the stars and becomes restless to know why this earth is in the end so lonely. A full stomach and warm clothes do not give birth to such a mind: culture never sits upon a satisfied body. Much of our culture has come from those whose earnings were governed by purely physical considerations, but some part has also been given to us by thinkers who, without material compulsion, were driven by an inner sense of wonder. Perhaps it was the same wonder that urged the sage who lay awake at night watching the stars to write the first book of astronomy that has reached us today.

Translate the following passage into English: (20 marks)

Translate the following passage into Hindi: (20 marks) We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Increasing population and environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Modern sports and their challenges (d) Security lapse: an analysis

Read the following prose passage carefully and answer the questions that follow in simple, clear and concise Kannada. (The prose passage in original Kannada spans pages 2-3.)

Prepare a precis of the following passage, reducing it to roughly one-third of its length and give it an appropriate title. (Original Kannada passage covers pages 4-5.)

Translate the given Kannada passage into English. (Passage provided on page 6.)

Translate the following passage into Kannada: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga ? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Choose ANY ONE of the following topics and write an essay of about 600 words in MALAYALAM script: (a) Consumer lifestyle and the environment (b) Growing dependence on mobile phones (c) The impact of online education (d) Coastal migration: a challenge

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, giving brief and precise answers in your own words. (12 × 5 = 60).

Summarise the following prose passage in your own words, give a suitable title, and present the summary in your own language.

Translate the following prose passage into English. [250 words]

Translate the following passage into Malayalam: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

Write a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title.

Translate the following Manipuri passage into English:

Translate the following passage into Manipuri: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Attempt the following as instructed.

निम्नलिखित कुनै एउटा विषयबारे 600 शब्दमा निबन्ध लेख्नुहोस् : (a) उपभोक्तावादी जीवनशैली अनि पर्यावरण (b) मोबाइल फोनको लत (c) अनलाइन शिक्षाका सीमा (d) आतंकवाद : एक चुनौती

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई ध्यानपूर्वक पढी त्यसका आधारमा तल दिइएका प्रश्नका उत्तर स्पष्ट, संक्षिप्त अनि सहज भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् : जब एक किसान खेतमा काम गर्दैछ तब उसले खाद्यान्न अनि उद्योगको निम्ति कच्चा पदार्थ उत्पादन गर्छ । कपासले नै कपडा बनाउछ, विद्युत्भित्रका उपकरण रूप धारण गर्छ । गाडीले सामानलाई एउटा ठाँउबाट अर्को ठाँउम्म पुर्याउँछ । कुनै देशमा एक वर्षभित्र उत्पादन भएका सबै वस्तु अनि सेवाको जम्मा मूल्य नै त्यस देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन हुन्छ भने हामीलाई ज्ञात छ । हामीलाई निर्यात गर्दा आय प्राप्त हुन्छ अनि आयात गर्दा व्यय गर्नु पर्छ । समयमा हामी देख्छौं कुनै आम्दानी सकारात्मक हुनसक्छ अथवा नकारात्मक हुनसक्छ वा शून्य हुनसक्छ । प्राप्त आम्दानीहरू जोड गर्दा हामीलाई यस वर्षको नितान्त देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन प्राप्त हुन्छ । कुल राष्ट्रिय उत्पादनमा योगदान पुर्याउने सबै क्रियाकलापलाई हामी आर्थिक क्रिया भन्छौं । ती सबै व्यक्ति जो उच्च अथवा निम्न कुनै पनि तहमा काम गरी आर्थिक क्रियामा संलग्न रहन्छन् तिनीहरूलाई श्रमिक भन्छौं । यदि कुनै व्यक्ति बिरामी, धापसी, प्रतिकूल मौसम, लम्बोर अथवा सामाजिक-धार्मिक उत्सवका कारण अस्थायी रूपमा काममा नआउन सके तापनि तिनलाई श्रमिक नै मानिन्छ । यदि काममा लाग्ने मुख्य श्रमिकलाई सहायता गर्नेहरूलाई पनि हामी श्रमिक नै मान्दछौं । सामान्यतया हामी यस्तो सोच्दछौं कि जसलाई काम गरेको सट्टा रोजगारीदाताले केही भुक्तानी गर्छ, तिनलाई श्रमिक भन्छौँ । तर वास्तवमा होइन; स्वरोजगार व्यक्ति पनि श्रमिक नै हुन्छन् । भारतमा रोजगारको प्रकृति बहुआयामिक छ । केही मानिसलाई वर्षैभरि रोजगार प्राप्त हुन्छ भने केहीलाई वर्षमा केही महिना मात्र रोजगार पाइन्छ । आधिकारिक अनुमानअनुसार आर्थिक वर्ष 2011–12 मा भारतको मोटा श्रमशक्तिको आकार लगभग 473 मिलियन थियो । किनकि देशका अधिकाँश मानिस ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा बस्दछन्, त्यसैले ग्रामीण श्रमिकको अनुपात सहरी श्रमिकभन्दा बढी छ । यी 473 मिलियन श्रमिकमध्ये तीन चौथाई ग्रामीण श्रमिक हुन् । भारतको श्रमशक्तिमा पुरुषहरूको बहुलता छ । ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा महिला श्रमिक मोटा श्रमशक्तिको एक-तिहाइ हुन्, भने सहरी क्षेत्रमा केवल 20 प्रतिशत महिला श्रमशक्तिमा योगदानकारी छन् । स्त्रीहरू खाना बनाउने, पानी ल्याउने, इन्धन बटुल्ने साथै खेतमा समेत काम गर्छन् । उनीहरूलाई नगद भुक्तानी अथवा अकस्मात् ज्याला प्राप्त हुँदैन । कतिपय अवस्थामा त केही पनि भुक्तानी गर्दैनन् । यस्तै महिलाहरूलाई श्रमिक सङ्ख्यामा समावेश गरिन्छ । यी महिलालाई पनि श्रमिक नै मान्नु पर्दछ भन्ने अर्थशास्त्रीहरूको आक्षेप छ ।

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदको सारांश लगभग एक-तिहाइ शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् । यसको शीर्षक लेख्न आवश्यक छैन । सारांश आफ्नै शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् : जुन शब्दको अर्थ चारै बुद्धिद्वारा उपयोग पनि धेरै मानामा हुन्छ, त्यस्ता दुईटा शब्द हुन् – सभ्यता र संस्कृति । त्यस समयलाई कल्पना गर्नुहोस् जब मानव समाजले अति देवताको साक्षात्कार गरेको थिएन । आज घर-घरमा ठूलो बत्ती जलेको छ । जुन व्यक्तिले पहिलो आगोको आविष्कार गरेको होला, त्यो कति ठूलो आविष्कार होला । अथवा कल्पना गर्नुहोस् त्यस समयलाई जब मानिस गुफा-धामेसँग परिचित थिएन । जुन व्यक्तिले एउटा फलामको टुक्रालाई टिकाएको रूप दियो होला, त्यो व्यक्ति कति ठूलो आविष्कारक थियो होला । यी दुवै उदाहरणलाई विचार गर्नुहोस्; पहिलो उदाहरणसँग दुइटा विषय छन् : पहिलो, एउटा व्यक्ति विशेषमा आगो बनाउने शक्ति-सामर्थ्य छ अनि दोस्रो, आगोको आविष्कार । सियो-धागोको उदाहरणमा पनि यस्तो कुरा छ; पहिलो सियो-धागो आविष्कार गर्ने शक्ति र दोस्रो भयो सियो-धागोको आविष्कार । जुन योग्यता, प्रवृत्ति अथवा प्रेरणाले आगो र सियो-धागोको आविष्कार गरायो, त्यो नै व्यक्ति विशेषको ‘संस्कृति’ हो; र जब संस्कृतिद्वारा नै भएको त्यो आविष्कार सभ्यतामा परिणत हुन्छ, त्यसको नाम हो ‘सभ्यता’ । एक जना सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति हुने बित्तिकै नयाँ विषयको खोज गर्छ; उसका सन्तानले ती खोज पूर्ववत् सहजै पाउँछन् । सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति बुद्धि अथवा विवेकवान् हुन्छ; ऊ नयाँ तथ्यको अध्ययन गर्छ । उसका सन्तानले पनि ती वस्तुहरू पाउँछन् । उनीहरू पूर्ववर्ती भए पनि सु-संस्कृत कहलिन्छन् । आधुनिक उदाहरण हेरौं : न्यूटनले गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तको आविष्कार गरे । उनी सु-संस्कृत मान्छे थिए । आजका भौतिक-विज्ञानका विद्यार्थी गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तसँग परिचित छन्, तर उनीहरूले अन्य धेरै विषयको ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेका छन्, जसबाट सम्भवत: न्यूटन अछूतो नै रहेकथिए । यसरी पनि आजका विद्यार्थीहरू न्यूटनभन्दा सभ्य बन्न सक्छन्, तर न्यूटन जतिको सु-संस्कृत बन्न सक्दैनन् । आगोलाई आविष्कार गर्नुको कारण मानवको थियो । सियो-धागोको आविष्कार पनि सायद शीतोष्णताबाट जोगिन तथा शारीरिक सजावट प्रकृतिले प्रेरित भएर भयो । कल्पना गर्नुहोस्: त्यो व्यक्ति जसको भुँडी भरिएको छ, जसको शरीर ढाकिएको छ; तर जब खुला आकाशमुनि ताराहरू टल्किरहेकाछन्, उसको निद्रा त पक्कै भाग्छ, किनकि ती तारालाई बुझ्न उसले विचार गर्नुपर्छ । भुँडी भराउनु र शरीर ढाक्नु मुख्यत: संस्कृति जन्मने आधार हो । तर यो मान्छे यदि सु-संस्कृत छ भने अझै अगाडि बढ्नेछ । अहिलेको सभ्यताका केही अंश हामीलाई त्यस्ता ऋषिमुनिबाट प्राप्त भएका छन्, जसले भौतिक प्रेरणाभन्दा पर जान प्रेरणा दिए । रातका तारा हेरिरहनु भएका ऋषिमुनि हाम्रा आजका ज्ञानका प्रथम प्रतिपादक थिए । (४३५ शब्द)

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई अंग्रेजीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् : समय अमूल्य छ । वास्तवमा समय नै संसारको एक मात्र सीमित वस्तु हो । यदि तपाईंले सम्पत्ति गुमाउनुभयो भने पनि फेरि कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । घर गुमाउनुभयो भने फेरि पाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि समय गुमाउनुभयो भने तपाईंलाई त्यो समय दोहोर्याएर प्राप्त हुन सक्दैन । यदि हामी जीवनमा केही गर्न, केही बन्नु, केही पाउन चाहन्छौँ भने हामीले समयको सर्वोत्तम उपयोग गर्नु नितान्त अनिवार्य छ । हामी जुन उपलब्धि पाउन चाहन्छौँ ती सबै समयको सदुपयोग गरेर हामी प्राप्त गर्न सक्छौँ । भनिएको छ — “समय नै धन हो” । यद्यपि यो भनाइ पूर्ण रूपमा सत्य होइन । सत्य त यही हो कि समय केवल सम्भावित धन हो । यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समयको सदुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने तपाईंले धन कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समय दुरुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने धन कमाउने सम्भावना हराउँछ । जब तपाईं समयको उपयोगमा सतर्क बन्नुहुन्छ तब समय बर्बाद पनि हुँदैन । तपाईं आफ्नो समयलाई राम्रो उपयोग गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । तपाईं थोरै समयमा धेरै काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । यदि तपाईं वर्तमान समय व्यवस्थापन गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने तपाईंले चेतन मन मात्र नभएर अवचेतन मनको पनि उपयोग गर्नुहोस् । यसले तपाईंलाई यस्ता नयाँ-नयाँ तरिका देखाउँछ, जसको कारण तपाईं थोरै समयमा अधिक काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न सफल हुनुहुन्छ ।

Translate the following passage into Nepali: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Odia: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Answer the following sub-questions:

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, in simple and correct Punjabi:

Write a precis of the following prose passage in roughly ONE-THIRD of its length. A title is not necessary. Write the precis in your own words:

Translate the following passage into ENGLISH:

Translate the following passage into PUNJABI:

Write an essay in SANSKRIT of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Carefully read the following passage and, in clear and grammatical Sanskrit, answer the questions given below in the order asked.

Summarise the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. Write the summary in Sanskrit.

Translate the following Sanskrit passage into English, giving reasons for your renderings.

Translate the following English passage into Sanskrit, giving reasons for your renderings: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.”

Translate the following passage into English:

Translate the following passage into Sindhi: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

பின்வருவன்களில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றை குறித்து 600 சொற்களில் கட்டுரை எழுதுக. (a) நுகர்வோரின் வாழ்க்கை முறையும் சுற்றுச் சூழலும் (b) அலைபேசிக் (Mobile Phone) அடிமையாதல் (c) இணையவழிக் கல்வியின் வருங்காலம் (d) பயங்கரவாதம் : ஒரு சவால்

பின்வரும் பகுதியைக் கவனமாகப் படித்து, அதன் இறுதியில் தரப்பட்டுள்ள வினாக்களுக்கு தெளிவாகவும் சரியாகவும் சுருக்கமாகவும் விடை எழுதுக. 12×5 = 60 ஒரு விவசாயி வயல்களில் வேலை செய்யும் போது, அவர் உணவுத் தானியங்களையும் தொழிற்சாலைகளுக்குத் தேவையான மூலப் பொருட்களையும் உற்பத்தி செய்கிறார். கஞ்சிகள் மற்றும் விசைத்தறிகள் மூலம் நூலிழைகள் துணிகளின் வடிவம் பெறுகின்றன. வாகனங்கள் ஒரு பொருளை ஒரு இடத்திலிருந்து இன்னொரு இடத்திற்குக் கொண்டு செல்கின்றன. பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளின் மொத்த மதிப்பினை நாம் அறிகிறோம். ஒரு ஆண்டில் நாட்டின் எல்லாவற்றையும் உற்பத்தி செய்த தொகுப்பை ‘மொத்த உற்பத்தி’ (Gross Domestic Product) எனக் கூறுகிறோம். நாம் ஏற்றுமதிகளுக்காக வெளிநாடுகளிடமிருந்து பணம் பெறுகின்றோம்; இறக்குமதிகளுக்காக பணம் செலுத்துகின்றோம். இந்த நிலை சாதகமாகவோ எதிர்மறையாகவோ சமநிலையாகவோ இருக்கலாம். மொத்த தேசிய உற்பத்திக்குப் பங்களிக்கும் செயல்பாடுகள் அனைத்தையும் ‘பொருளாதார நடவடிக்கைகள்’ என்று அழைக்கிறோம். இந்நிகழ்வுகளில் ஈடுபடும் அனைவரும் – அவர்கள் அலுவலக அதிகாரிகளாக இருக்கலாம், விவசாயிகளாக இருக்கலாம், தொழிற்சாலைக் கூலிகளாக இருக்கலாம் – ‘தொழிலாளர்கள்’ எனக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர். அவர்களில் சிலர் முழுநேரம் பணிபுரிப்பவர்கள்; சிலர் பகுதி நேரம் மட்டுமே வேலை செய்பவர்கள்; சிலர் தங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் வேலையை மட்டும் செய்து திரிகிறவர்கள். இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை பல பரிமாணங்கள் கொண்டது. சிலருக்கு ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வேலை கிடைக்கிறது; சிலருக்கு சில மாதங்கள் மட்டுமே; சிலருக்கு சில நாட்கள் மட்டுமே. பெரும்பாலான தொழிலர்களுக்கு உழைப்புக்குத் தகுதியான ஊதியம் கிடைப்பதில்லை. வீட்டுப்பணியில் ஈடுபடும் பெண்கள், குடும்ப உதவியாளர்கள், முற்றிலும் பணம் பெறாதவகை செய்பவர்கள் ஆகியோர் பெரும்பாலும் தொழிலாளர் கணக்கில் சேர்க்கப்படுவதில்லை. மக்கள்தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி 2011-12 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய தொழிலாளர்கள் சுமார் 473 மில்லியன் பேர். அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோ கிராமப்புறங்களில் வாழ்பவர்கள். வினாக்கள்: (a) தொழிலாளர் யார்? (b) மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி என்றால் என்ன? (c) இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை யாது? (d) எந்தப் பெண்களைத் தொழிலாளர்களாகக் கருதவில்லை? (e) இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் தொழிலாளர்களின் விகிதம் யாது?

கீழ்க்காணும் பகுதியை அதன் அளவில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பங்கு அளவில் சுருக்கி, உங்கள் சொந்த நடையில் எழுதுக. தலைப்புக் தேவையில்லை. (60 மதிப்பெண்கள்) நாகரம், பண்டைய ஆசிய இரண்டே சொற்களும் அதிகம் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடிய சொற்களாக இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் அவை மிகவும் குறைவாகவே புரிந்து-கொள்ளப்பட்ட சொற்களாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. மனித சமுதாயம் நெருப்பைப் பற்றி அறியாத காலத்தை நினைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இன்று ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் சமையறையில் நெருப்பைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். முதன் முதலில் நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த மனிதன் ஒரு சிறந்த கண்டுபிடிப்பாளராக இருந்திருக்க வேண்டும். மனிதனுக்கு ஊசி மற்றும் நூல் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படாத காலத்தை கற்பனை செய்து பாருங்கள். இன்பம், துணி — அனைத்தும் ஊசியின் வழி வந்தவை. இந்த இரண்டு ஊடகங்களைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். முதல் ஊடகத்தில் இரண்டு செயல்கள் உள்ளன: (1) நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த ஒரு குறித்த மனிதனின் சக்தி, (2) நெருப்பின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு. அதுபோல் இரண்டாவது ஊடகத்தில் ஊசி-நூல் ஆகியவை உள்ளன. நெருப்பும் ஊசியும் மனிதச் செவ்வியத்தை மாற்றிய முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள். பட்டயத்தின் பின்னணியில் ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த நாட்டின் திறன், போக்கு, உத்தேவக உச்சரிப்பு ஆகியவை உள்ளன. அவற்றின் கூட்டு விளைவாக உருவாகும் அமைப்பே ‘நாகரம்’ என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. பண்புடை மனிதன் புதிதாக ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பான். ஆனால் அவனது வழிமுறை அந்தக் கண்டுபிடிப்பை முன்னோர்களிடமிருந்து விரிவெயர்த்துப் பெறுவதற்காக உதவுகிறது. புதிதாய்த் தோன்றும் விசித்திரம் யார் ஒருவருக்கு சில புதிய உண்டாயங்களை அளிக்கக்கூடும். இன்றைய மாணவர் ஒரு நுட்பத்தை எடுத்துக் கொள்ளலாம். நுட்பத்தின் புதுப்பிப்பு கொள்கையை அவர் கண்டு பிடிக்கிறார். அவர் பணப்பட்ட மனிதராக இருக்கலாம். ஆனால் இயற்கை மாணவர் அதையும் கடந்துச் செல்லும் திறன் கொண்டவனாக இருக்கலாம். நெருப்புக் கண்டுபிடிப்புக்குப் பின் உலகம் புதிய கட்டத்தை அடைந்தது. அதைப் போல் ஊசி-நூல் கண்டுபிடிப்பும் மனித நாகரிகத்தை மாற்றிய இன்னொரு முக்கியமான படி.

Translate the following passage into English: காலம் விலை மதிப்பற்றது. உண்மையில் உலகில் காலம் மட்டுமே வணகுறப்படாததாகும். செலவதற்க இன்றால் மீண்டும் சம்பாதித்து கொள்ளலாம். வீட்டை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெறலாம். ஆனால் நேரத்தை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெற முடியாது. நாம் வாழ்க்கையில் ஏதாவது செய்ய விரும்பினால், எதையாவது சாதிக்க விரும்பினால் நேரத்தை சிறந்த முறையில் பயன்படுத்திக் கற்றுக் கொள்வது அவசியமாகும். நேரத்தை சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் நாம் அதை விரும்பும் அனைத்தையும் அடைய முடியும். "நேரம் பணம்" என்று கூறப்படுகிறது. ஆனால் இந்தக் கூற்று முற்றிலும் உண்மையானதல்ல. உண்மையில் நேரம் மட்டுமே சாத்தியமான செலவாகும். நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால் மட்டுமே செலவுகளைச் சம்பாதிக்கவும் சேமிக்கவும் முடியும். மறுபடியும் நீங்கள் உங்கள் நேரத்தை தவறாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால், நீங்கள் செலவுகளைச் சேமிக்கும் – சம்பாதிக்கும் வாய்ப்பை இழக்கிறீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதில் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருந்தால், நீங்கள் நேரத்தை வீணடிப்பதை நிறுத்தி விடுவீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சிறப்பாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள்; குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள். நீங்கள் உண்மையிலேயே நேரத்தை முழுமையாகச் சேர்த்துச் செலவழிக்க விரும்பினால், உங்கள் நல்ல மனதை மட்டுமல்ல நல்லிணை மனத்தையும் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். அது மட்டுமே குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளை கண்டுபிடிப்பதில் நீங்கள் வெற்றிபெறக்கூடிய புதிய வழியினை உங்களுக்கு சொல்வும்.

Translate the following passage into Tamil: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

ఈ క్రింది అంశాలలో ఏదైనా ఒకదానిని గురించిన సుమారు ఆరు వందల (600) పదాలలో వ్యాసరచన చేయండి :

ఈ క్రింది గద్య భాగాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా చదివి, దిగువ ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు సరైన సమాధానాలను స్వచ్చంగా వ్రాయండి (Passage provided in the paper).

ఈ క్రింది ప్రసంగ విభాగాన్ని మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో మూడో వంతు పరిమాణానికి సంక్షిప్త పలుకరించండి. సంక్షిప్త రచనను మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో తయారుచేయండి :

ఈ క్రింది తెలుగు వచనాన్ని ఆంగ్లంలోకి అనువదించండి :

Translate the following passage from English into Telugu: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Simple living and its benefits (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism – a curse

Read the following passage carefully and, on the basis of its contents, answer the questions given below briefly and correctly.

Write a concise speech in your own words (in Urdu) based on the following passage. You do not have to assign any title.

Translate the following paragraph into English.

Translate the following passage into Urdu: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

A bank of three identical single-phase transformers having 11000 V / 231 V voltage ratio are connected in delta-star combination with the delta side connected to 11 kV, 3-phase balanced supply. The star side is supplying a balanced load of 120 kVA at 0.8 pf lag. A single-phase load of 40 kW, upf is now connected between one line and neutral of the secondary side. Calculate the input line currents at the delta side under this condition. (Neglect any magnetising currents of the transformers)

The figure shows a unity feedback system. The steady-state value of the unit step response c(t) is 0.8. Determine the maximum overshoot in the response c(t). A circuit breaker is rated as 2500 A, 1500 MVA, 33 kV, 3 sec, 3-phase, oil circuit breaker. Determine its rated normal current, breaking current, making current and short-time rating (current). An audio signal, whose bandwidth is 15 kHz, is to be digitized using PCM. Uniform quantization with 1024 levels and binary encoding are assumed. Determine the minimum sampling rate. If the actual sampling rate is 20 % in excess of the minimum rate, determine the minimum permissible bit rate. Briefly explain the following logical instructions of 8085 microprocessor: (i) ANA M (ii) XRA M (iii) CMC (iv) STC (v) RRC In a three-phase 400 km long transmission line, the conductors are spaced at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 5 m. The diameter of each conductor is 3 cm. Calculate the capacitance per phase of the 400 km long conductor.

The block diagram of a feedback system is shown in the figure. (i) Sketch the complete root locus of the system. (ii) What is the value of K at s = 0 ? (iii) Find the range of K for closed-loop stability. Draw the connection diagram of a Schering bridge to measure the capacitance and dissipation factor. Write the balance equations and derive the formulae for finding the capacitance and dissipation factor. A linear delta modulator is designed to transmit speech signal band-limited to 4 kHz. The specifications are:  sampling rate = 10 × Nyquist rate  step size = 100 mV The system is tested with a 1 kHz sinusoidal signal. Determine the maximum amplitude of the test signal so that slope overload does not occur. Calculate the maximum power that can be transmitted without slope overload.

Write the state and output equations for the system shown in the figure. Choose state variables x₁ and x₂ as shown. Check the controllability and observability of the system. Differentiate between full decoding and partial decoding techniques used by 8085 microprocessor to decode an address. Give advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Discuss with example how BCD number addition is performed using DAA instruction of 8085 microprocessor. A 6600 V, 50 Hz, single-core, lead-sheathed cable has the following data:  Conductor diameter = 1·6 cm Length = 5 km Internal diameter of sheath = 3·2 cm Resistivity of insulation = 1·5 × 10¹² Ω-m Relative permittivity of insulation = 3·8 Calculate the insulation resistance, capacitance and the maximum electric stress in the insulation.

Consider a systematic linear block code with binary elements whose parity-check equations are  p₁ = m₁ + m₂ + m₃,  p₂ = m₂ + m₃ + m₄,  p₃ = m₁ + m₃ + m₄,  p₄ = m₁ + m₂ + m₄, where mᵢ are message digits and pᵢ are parity check digits. (i) Find the generator matrix and parity-check matrix for the code. (ii) How many errors can this code detect? How many errors can be corrected? (iii) If 10100100 is the received code word, find the corresponding transmitted code word assuming that single-bit error has been made during transmission. A transmission line has the following parameters:  A = D = 1∠25°, B = 88 ∠75° (i) Determine the sending-end voltage and the voltage regulation if the line supplies a load of 40 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging with receiving-end voltage 132 kV. (ii) Find the power and power factor of the load if the voltages at the two ends are 132 kV and with a phase difference of 30°. Explain four instructions which are used to control interrupt structure of 8085 microprocessor.

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 30 words on each of them in your Question-cum-Answer Booklet. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim: (i) Neolithic site (ii) Site of Mother and Child Terracotta Figure (iii) Hoard of Gupta Coin (iv) Site of Botanical remains (v) Harappan site with mud-brick platform (vi) Mauryan reservoir site (vii) Capital of Maitraka dynasty (viii) Dockyard (ix) Rock shelter (x) Stone axe factory (xi) Satavahana inscription site (xii) Minor rock inscription of Asoka (xiii) Buddhist Stupa (xiv) Mesolithic site (xv) Iron smelting workshop (xvi) Megalithic site (xvii) Temple site dedicated to Surya (xviii) Roman factory site (xix) Site of Muvar Koil (Temple of Three) (xx) Megalith stone site

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each:

Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Under what circumstances is recourse to 'force' or 'aggression' permissible and justifiable under International Law?

Answer the following in about 150 words each. Support your answers with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements.

Answer the following in about 150 words each. Support your answer with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements.

Answer each of the following questions (in about 150 words each):

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer each of the following questions (in about 150 words each):

প্রসঙ্গ নির্দেশ করে ব্যাখ্যা লিখুন। প্রতিটি প্রশ্ন অপরিবায় (প্রতিটি প্রশ্নের উত্তরের জন্য শব্দসীমা সর্বাধিক 150):

নিম্নলিখিত প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর দিন :

নিম্নলিখিত প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর দিন :

নিম্নলিখিত প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর দিন :

প্রসঙ্গ নির্দেশ করে ব্যাখ্যা লিখুন। প্রতিটি প্রশ্ন অপরিবায় (প্রতিটি প্রশ্নের উত্তরের জন্য শব্দসীমা সর্বাধিক 150):

Answer the following questions/Comment on the topics in about 150 words each:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Study the following poem and answer the questions which follow: The instructor said, Go home and write a page tonight. And let that page come out of you— Then, it will be true. I wonder if it's that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class. The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem, through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas, Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y, the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevator up to my room, sit down and write this page: It's not easy to know what is true for you or me at twenty-two, my age. But I guess I'm what I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you: hear you, hear me—we two—you, me, talk on this page. (I hear New York, too.) Me—who? You are white— yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That's American. Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that's true! As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me— although you are older—and white— and somewhat more free. This is my page for English B.

Critically comment in about 150 words each on the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following:

Answer all of the following in about 150 words each:

Write critical notes in about 150 words on the following:

Answer the following critically:

Answer the following critically:

Answer the following critically:

Write answers in about 150 words on the following:

Explain, with reference to the context, each of the following five passages.

Write analytical notes on ANY TWO of the following topics:

Write detailed critical notes on ANY TWO of the following:

Explain the significance of the following passages with reference to the concerned works:

Explain, with reference to the context, each of the following five passages.

ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪದ್ಯಗಳ ಸಂಕಲನವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿತ ಅಯ್ದ ಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಲ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. (ಪ್ರತಿ ಒಂದರಗೂ 150 ಪದಗಳ ಒಳಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ.)

ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನವನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಕುರಿತು ಟಿಪ್ಪಣೆ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. (ಪ್ರತಿ ಒಂದರಗೂ 150 ಪದಗಳ ಮೀಮಾಂಸೆಯ ಉದ್ದವರೆಗೆ.)

Write short critical notes on any FIVE of the following (answer in about 150 words each):

(Original question printed in Manipuri language)

(Original question printed in Manipuri language)

(Original question printed in Manipuri language)

Write short critical notes on any FIVE of the following (answer in about 150 words each):

Write short notes in about 150 words on ANY FIVE of the following:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Write short notes in about 150 words on ANY FIVE of the following:

पुढील पाच उताऱ्यांचे प्रत्येकी 150 शब्दांत ससांग्राह्य विवेचन करा :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :

पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे द्या :

पुढील पाच उताऱ्यांचे प्रत्येकी 150 शब्दांत ससांग्राह्य विवेचन करा :

SECTION – A Answer all of the following (to be written in Sanskrit language) : (a) Attempt any ten of the following : (i) अनुस्वारः, ष्, ण्–वर्गाणां द्विगुणराणामानि लेखताम् । (ii) ‘तम् निमानि ग्रामं गच्छन्ति’ — नाव्यपदपरिवर्तनं किम् ? (iii) ‘अणुपरित्सर्पणं चाडस्–प्रम’ अत्र अणुपरितात् कार्तरूपं कथम् ? लेखताम् । (iv) प्रयोक्तुं संप्रयमाणस्य स्वरः कः ? (v) ‘प्रकाशेन तावेव’ — वाक्यं परिवर्तनम् । (vi) ‘धर्मस्य’ इत्यत्र विभक्त्यन्तरूपं समानार्थं लिखत । (vii) ‘वीथि प्रयातः पश्च सः’ इत्यत्र समासे समासभेदं च दर्शयत । (viii) ‘ति श्रेयान्’ इति केन नियमेन विभक्तिः एषा ? (ix) ‘अल्पवीर्यः’ इत्यत्र सन्धिक्षेत्रस्य विशेषः । (x) ‘अथो षःऽ इत्यत्र स्वरः स्वरभेदस्य च परिचयः विवर्तयताम् । (b) अवबोधितेषु वाक्येषु योजनीयेषु सूत्रेषु शब्देषु निम्नलिखितेषु संस्कृतभाषया विवृणुत — (i) रामेण नानेन हतो वालिः । (ii) हरिः केशवम् अघ्नोत् । (iii) सुषु श्रीर्मिमीत ममापि । (iv) एषोऽयंस्त उपस्थास्यते । (v) नमस् अग्नये मा यक्षि । 2 × 5 = 10 (c) अवबोधितमानां सूत्राणाम् अर्थान् संस्कृतेन 3-4 पङ्क्तीलेख्यानि — (i) उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् (ii) ईदुदनसीयुट् (iii) अर्बुदे तृतीया (iv) हृस्वः हृस्वस्य ह्रस्वम् (v) हलांतानां स्वरप्रसमानो न च 2 × 5 = 10 (d) एकश्लेषस्य स्वरूपं विवेचयत । 10 (e) ‘प्रयोगाणाम्पदार्थप्रयोगान्तः बहुविधाः’ इत्यत्र ‘प्रयोग’–पदस्य महत्त्वं प्रतिपादयताम् । 10

Answer all of the following : (a) वैदिकभाषायां तिङन्तपदानां विशेषतायाः वर्णनम् — Describe the special characteristics of the use of Tiṅ-ending words in Vedic language. 20 (b) अर्थविस्तारस्य दिशाः विवृणुता — Elaborate the directions of semantic expansion. 15 (c) भाषाशास्त्रे कात्यायनस्य योगदानस्य समीक्षा — Analyze the contribution of Kātyāyana in linguistic studies. 15

Answer all of the following : (a) संस्कृतकथासाहित्यासम्बद्धम् एकं निबन्धं लेखत — Write an essay on Sanskrit Kathā literature. 10 (b) ‘पिङ्गलशास्त्रे न काव्यासारस्य वाणी’ — उक्तवाक्यस्य समीक्षात्मकं मूल्यांकनम् — Critically appreciate the statement “पिङ्गलशास्त्रे न काव्यासारस्य वाणी”. 15 (c) रामायणस्य स्रोतग्रन्थतां विवेचयत — Discuss the Rāmāyaṇa as a source-book. 15 (d) संस्कृतमुक्तककाव्यानां समीक्षा विश्लेषयत — Analyze Sanskrit Muktakakāvyas. 10

Answer all of the following : (a) रससूत्रं निरूप्य व्याख्यात — Cite and elaborate the Rasa-sūtra. 20 (b) रामायणम् आदिकाव्यत्वं साधयत — Establish the Rāmāyaṇa as the first epic. 15 (c) ‘भेदैः विद्वेषोपदेश्यः’ — सूक्तस्य विवेचनम् — Justify the statement “भेदैः विद्वेषोपदेश्यः”. 15

SECTION – B Answer all of the following (to be written in Sanskrit language) : 10 × 5 = 50 (a) वेदारम्भसंस्कारस्य स्वरूपं महत्त्वं च प्रतिपादयत — Describe the features and importance of Vedārambha Saṁskāra. 10 (b) भारतीयज्ञानपरम्परायाम् आर्यभटस्य योगदानम् समीक्षयत — Evaluate the contribution of Aryabhaṭa in Indian knowledge tradition. 10 (c) वर्णाश्रमयोः सम्बन्धं निरूप्यत — Discuss the relationship between the Varṇa system and Āśrama system. 10 (d) आश्रमेषु श्रेष्ठ आश्रमस्य महत्त्वं प्रतिपादयत — Describe the importance of the superior Āśrama among the four Āśramas. 10 (e) प्राचीनभारते भित्तिचित्रकलायाः विकासः निरूप्यत — Describe the growth of the art-form of wall-painting in ancient India. 10

Explain with reference to the context, in about 150 words each, the following five passages taken from Abhijñānaśākuntalam:

Write analytical/critical notes on the following topics:

Critically examine the following statements/ideas:

Write essays/answers on the following themes related to Sanskrit literature and criticism:

Explain with reference to the context, in about 150 words each, the following five verses in Sanskrit:

Answer the following questions. Write EACH answer in about 150 words.

Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

Write analytical answers to the following in about 200 words.

Answer the following questions in about 200 words.

Answer the following questions. Write EACH answer in about 150 words.

हेठियाँ हवाला समुँइदे हर हिक ते लगभल 150 लफ़्ज़नि में तकनीकी नोट लिखो :

हेठियनि सभु सुआलनि जा जवाब दिअो :

हेठियनि सभु सुआलनि जा जवाब दिअो :

हेठियनि सभु सुआलनि जा जवाब दिअो :

हेठियाँ हवाला समुँइदे हर हिक ते लगभल 150 लफ़्ज़नि में तकनीकी नोट लिखो :

பின்வரும் வினா ஒவ்வொன்றிற்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கு மிகாமல் விடைத் தருக.

பின்வரும் வினா ஒவ்வொன்றிற்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கு மிகாமல் விடைத் தருக.

பின்வரும் வினா ஒவ்வொன்றிற்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கும் மிகாமல் விடை தருக :

பின்வரும் அனைத்துத் வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக.

பின்வரும் அனைத்துத் வினாக்களுக்கும் விடை தருக.

பின்வருவனவற்றிற்கு இடம், பொருள், நயம் தருக :

பின்வரும் அனைத்துப் வினாக்களுக்கும் 150 சொற்களுக்கும் மிகாமல் விடை தருக :

Answer ALL the following sub-questions. Limit each answer to about 150 words:

Answer any TWO of the following:

Answer any TWO of the following:

Answer any TWO of the following:

Answer ALL the following sub-questions. Limit each answer to about 150 words:

ఈ క్రింది ఐదు పద్యాలకు సంబంధించిన విధంగా 150 పదాలకు మించకుండా సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

కింది ప్రశ్నలలోని మూడింటిలో రెండు మాత్రమే వ్యాసరూప సమాధానాలను మూడసె విభాగంలో సముచిత సమాధానాలను రాయండి :

ఈ క్రింది కవితా భాగాలకు ఆధారంగా రీతి లోని 150 పదాలకు మించకుండా సమాధానాలు రాయండి :

Answer the following questions. Each answer should be written in about 150 words:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions. Each answer should be written in about 150 words:

Explain the following prose extracts with reference to the context and bring out their literary significance. Each explanation should be written in about 150 words.

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Answer the following questions:

Explain the following poetic extracts with reference to the context and discuss their poetic characteristics as well. Each explanation should be written in about 150 words.

(a) "Span of management plays important role in deciding organization structure." Explain. (b) "Dependency is increased when the resource you control is important, scarce and non-substitutable." Comment on the above statement in the light of the fact that the most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependency. (c) Enumerate the different conditions needed for conflict to arise. How does the channel chosen for communication have an influence on stimulating conflict? (d) "Workers’ education is the latent energy in economic development." Explain the concept of workers’ education and highlight its aims and objectives. (e) What are the major collective bargaining issues in Indian industries? What do you foresee as a major issue of the future?

(a) How do mission, vision and values help in developing good plan for an organization? Explain planning premises. (b) Outline the organizational structure of a virtual organization. How does it differ from a boundaryless organization? Which type of industries is best suited to a virtual organizational setup? Explain with examples. (c) Differentiate between career, career planning, career development and career management. Who are the major stakeholders in career development?

(a) "A person can have thousands of attitudes but organizational behaviour focuses its attention on a very limited number of job-related attitudes." Explain the different job-related attitudes. How do they differ from other non-job-related attitudes? (b) "Does delegation of authority mean loss of power or enhancement of power?" Critically explain. (c) How does an organization determine the effectiveness of its recruitment process? To avoid the high cost involved in the recruitment process, what alternatives are used by organizations? Explain.

(a) Highlight the key differences between human resource information system, human resource analytics and enterprise resource planning, and give their suitable applications. Illustrate and explain a typical human resource information system framework. (b) How does a learning organization model integrate the strategies in the domains of individual, team and organizational learning? What are the desired behavioural changes for a learning organization as described by Senge? (c) "Economic development of India will depend on the inventions carried out by entrepreneurs." Explain.

(a) Discuss on the objectives and categories of decisions of the finance function in an organization. (b) Elaborate on the objective of 'Accounting Standards' and discuss on its significance in the emergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as Global Standards. (c) Comment on the salient features of the EASE Next Reforms. (d) "Marketing is everywhere. Good marketing is not a coincidence but a result of well thought strategy." Elaborate giving suitable example. (e) "Customer-centric companies are building customer relationships and not just products or services." Explain giving importance of customer satisfaction. Give examples also.

Examine the effectiveness of different Chambers of Commerce and Industry in India.

When a particle is projected from a point O1 on the sea level with a velocity v and angle of projection θ with the horizon in a vertical plane, its horizontal range is R1. If it is further projected from a point O2, which is vertically above O1 at a height h in the same vertical plane, with the same velocity v and same angle θ with the horizon, its horizontal range is R2. Prove that R2 > R1 and (R2 − R1) : R1 is equal to 1/2 [√(1 + 2gh / (v² sin²θ)) − 1] : 1.

Find the solution of the differential equation: dy/dx = −(2xy³ + 2)/(3x²y² + 8e^{4y}).

Solve the following initial value problem by using Laplace transform technique: d²y/dt² − 4 dy/dt + 3y(t) = f(t), y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 0 and f(t) is a given function of t.

(a) (i) Find the conjunctive normal form (CNF) of the following Boolean function: f(x, y, z, t) = x·y·z + x̄·y·(t + z) (ii) Express the Boolean function f(x, y, z) = x + (x̄·ȳ + x̄·z̄) + z in disjunctive normal form (DNF) and construct the truth table for the function. (b) A perfectly rough ball is at rest within a hollow cylindrical roller. The roller is drawn along a level path with uniform velocity V. Let a and b be the radii of the ball and the roller respectively. If V² > (27/7) g (b − a), then show that the ball will roll completely round the inside of the roller. (c) Solve the partial differential equation a² ∂²u/∂x² = ∂²u/∂t², 0 < x < L, t > 0 subject to the conditions u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0, t > 0 u(x, 0) = x, (∂u/∂t)|_{t=0} = 1, 0 < x < L.

(a) Reduce the partial differential equation ∂²z/∂y² − ∂²z/∂x∂y + ∂z/∂x − ∂z/∂y (1 + 1/x) + z/x = 0 to canonical form. (b) Compute a root of the equation log₁₀(2x + 1) − x² + 3 = 0, in the interval [0, 3], by the Regula-Falsi method, correct to 6 decimal places. (c) Determine under what conditions the velocity field u = c(x² − y²), v = −2cxy, w = 0 is a solution to the Navier-Stokes momentum equations. Assuming that the conditions are met, determine the resulting pressure distribution when z is up and the external body forces are Bₓ = 0 = B_y, B_z = −g.

A medium carbon steel cylindrical rod is being machined under orthogonal cutting condition with an HSS cutting tool having rake angle as 12°. While machining, following data were recorded: Vertical component of cutting force = 1600 N Horizontal component of cutting force = 1250 N Chip thickness ratio = 0·25 Calculate the following for the above-mentioned machining condition: (i) Normal force on the rake face (ii) Friction force along the rake face (iii) Resultant cutting force (iv) Coefficient of friction at chip–tool interface (v) Normal force on the shear plane (vi) Shear force along the shear plane

A manufacturing company wants to arrange work-centres A, B, C and D so as to minimize inter-departmental parts handling costs. The flow of parts and existing work-centres layout are shown below: A B C D A – 400 500 50 B 300 – 200 0 C 0 0 – 700 D 0 0 0 – (Parts moved between work-centres) Existing layout with distances: A B C D (30 m between successive centres) Suggest a modified layout.

A 50 kg block of iron at 500 K is placed into open atmosphere which is at a temperature of 285 K. The iron block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. Assuming an average specific heat of 0·45 kJ/kg-K for iron, determine the (i) entropy change for the iron block and the atmosphere, and (ii) irreversibility. Show that for normal shock in a perfect gas, M′x M′y = 1. In the axial flow compressor, for 50% reaction, the blading design is sometimes called symmetrical blading. Explain, with proper equations and justification, why it is called so. An industrial furnace (blackbody) is emitting radiation at 2700 °C. Calculate the following : (i) Spectral emissive power at λ = 1-2 µm (ii) Wavelength at which the emissive power is maximum (iii) Maximum spectral emissive power (iv) Total emissive power Use Planck’s distribution law equation given below : Eλb = C1 / [λ5 (exp(C2 / λT) – 1)] where C1 = 3·742 × 108 W · µm4 / m2, C2 = 1·438 × 104 µm-K Take σ = 5·67 × 10-8 W / m2 · K4. Write down three basic assumptions for LMTD method in case of heat exchanger analysis. Write down in which case LMTD method and in which case NTU method will be applicable in basic heat exchanger analysis.

A 15 m high cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0·6 m2 contains 3 m3 of liquid water at 25 °C on the top of a thin insulated piston of mass 20 kg. Below the piston, argon gas is at 15 °C with a volume of 3 m3, as shown in the figure. Heat is supplied to argon such that the piston rises and pushes the water out over the top edge. Find the (i) work done (kJ) to remove the whole water from the top of the piston and (ii) heat transferred (kJ) to argon during the process. (iii) Plot the process on a P-v diagram for argon. Assume atmospheric pressure (P0) as 101 kPa, Cv and R for argon as 0·312 kJ/kg-K and 0·2081 kJ/kg-K respectively. The specific volume of water at 25 °C is 0·001003 m3/kg. Neglect piston thickness. Air at 100 kPa and 290 K enters a gas turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion. This system uses ideal regenerator, reheater and intercooler. The pressure ratio across each stage is 4. 300 kJ/kg of heat is added in combustion chamber and reheater each. The regenerator increases the air temperature by 20 °C. Draw a T-s plot and determine the (i) total heat rejected (kJ/kg), (ii) net work output (kJ/kg) and (iii) thermal efficiency of the system. Assume isentropic operation for all compressors and turbines. Take Cp of air = 1·005 kJ/kg-K and γ = 1·4. A convergent-divergent nozzle has a throat area of 250 mm2 and an exit area of 500 mm2. Air enters the nozzle with a stagnation temperature of 350 K and stagnation pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the maximum flow rate of air through the nozzle and the static pressure, static temperature, Mach number and velocity at the exit from the nozzle. Given γ = 1·4, R = 0·287 kJ/kg-K. Use Gas Table to solve the problem.

Heat is generated in a stainless steel plate (thermal conductivity = 22 W/m-K) of thickness 1 cm, at a uniform rate of 600 MW/m3. The left side of the plate is maintained at 200 °C and the right side is maintained at 100 °C. What will be the (i) temperature distribution across the plate, (ii) location and value of maximum temperature and (iii) heat flux from both sides of the plate and its direction? Assume one-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction. A combination of a heat engine driving a heat pump (see the figure) takes waste energy at 50 °C as a source, Q̇w1, to the heat engine rejecting heat at 30 °C. The remainder, Q̇w2, goes into the heat pump that delivers Q̇H at 150 °C. If the total waste energy is 5 MW, find the rate of energy delivered at the higher temperature. Assume heat engine and heat pump as reversible.

SECTION A (a) A 35-year-old male smoker with complaints of difficulty in swallowing and ulcer on the tip of his tongue for the last one month, visits an ENT surgeon. Based on his clinical examination and histopathological investigation of the tongue lesion, he is diagnosed as a case of carcinoma of tongue with cervical lymphadenopathy. (i) Using a flow-chart, show the principal lymph node involved and its further distribution. (ii) Explain the role of tongue in swallowing. (b) Describe the following in the context of ‘Auditory pathway’ : (i) Its course from internal ear to auditory cortex (ii) Blood supply of the auditory cortex (c) Discuss the sources and Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Folic Acid and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency in the body. Add a note on ‘Folate Trap’. (d) Describe the role of cerebellum in control of voluntary movement. Add a note on cerebellar dysfunction. (e) Describe the genesis of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep ?

(a) A 56-year-old male visits a surgery OPD with complaints of difficulty in passage of urine especially on straining. Based on his clinical examination and ultrasound findings, he is diagnosed with Benign hypertrophy of Prostate. (i) What is the anatomical basis of his urinary problems? (ii) Describe the relations of Prostate gland. (iii) Describe the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of Prostate gland. (b) (i) Describe the biochemical role of copper in the body. Discuss briefly about Wilson disease and the biochemical investigations that will help in its diagnosis. (ii) Define Genetic code and explain the Wobble Hypothesis. Discuss briefly the post-translational modifications of proteins. (c) Explain the physiological changes that occur in a mother during pregnancy, under the following headings : (i) Genital organs (ii) Blood and its constituents (iii) Cardiovascular system

(a) (i) Describe the following regarding the knee joint : (I) All movements including locking and unlocking with muscles responsible for each (II) Role of cruciate ligaments in movement and stability (ii) Describe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome under the following headings : (I) Causes and structure(s) involved (II) Clinical features (b) (i) Explain the principle and steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Write its clinical applications. (ii) Discuss the serum biochemical markers of cholestasis. (c) (i) Describe the intrinsic regulation of cardiac output. (ii) Discuss the factors regulating erythropoiesis.

(a) (i) Describe the role of SRY (Sex-determining region on Y gene) transcription factors in testicular development. (ii) Describe Vitelline duct abnormalities. (b) (i) Describe the role of iodine in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Discuss briefly about Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and the biochemical investigations that will be done for its diagnosis. (ii) Explain briefly the biochemical role of Vitamin-K in the body. What is the biochemical basis of using Warfarin as an anticoagulant drug ? (c) (i) Describe the functions of vasopressin and the regulation of vasopressin secretion. (ii) Describe the physiological effects of glucagon.

(a) Enumerate various classes of antihypertensive drugs. Briefly discuss the role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension.

(a) (i) Enlist the clinical features of dengue fever. (ii) Outline the management of a patient with dengue haemorrhagic fever. (b) Write the symptoms of schizophrenia. (c) (i) What is the full form of IMNCI and what are its objectives? (ii) What are the components of integrated care provided under IMNCI? (d) State the immunization schedule under the National Immunization Programme for infants and children. (e) A 40-year-old male presented with multiple itchy, violaceous, flat-topped papules over skin for the last one year. He also complained of burning sensation in mouth. (i) Diagnose this condition. (ii) What are the oral findings which can be associated with this condition? (iii) Outline its management.

(a) A 30-year-old female has been brought to medical emergency with a history of low-grade fever, headache, anorexia and weight loss for the last one month. She has also developed diplopia and altered sensorium for the last two days. (i) What is the most likely diagnosis? (ii) Enumerate the investigations required to confirm the diagnosis. (iii) Differentiate between the CSF findings in pyogenic, tubercular and viral meningitis. (iv) Outline the treatment plan in this patient. (b) A 2-year-old boy was brought to the emergency with the complaints of sudden onset of respiratory distress with irritability. On examination, the child is disoriented and he has both peripheral and central cyanosis. He has deep sighing respiration with SpO₂ < 65% at room air. On oxygen therapy, his SpO₂ is increased to 80%. He has no organomegaly or neurological deficit. (i) Write the complete diagnosis of this boy. (ii) How will you manage this case in emergency? (iii) Classify the congenital cyanotic heart diseases. (c) A 48-year-old male presented with yellowish, greasy scales and redness over the scalp. (i) What is the most likely diagnosis? (ii) Mention the sites of involvement in this disease. (iii) Name the organism responsible for the pathogenesis of this disease. (iv) Outline its treatment.

(a) Discuss in short the aetiology, clinical features, investigations and management of chronic renal failure. (b) (i) Write the causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn. (ii) What is the mechanism of action of phototherapy in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia? (iii) What are the potential complications of the phototherapy? (c) (i) Mention the nail findings in psoriasis. (ii) Discuss the topical and systemic therapies in psoriasis.

(a) A 20-year-old male has presented to the medicine OPD. He has complaints of episodes of breathlessness associated with tightness of chest and wheezing since the childhood. These episodes occurred commonly during the change of season. (i) What is the most probable diagnosis? (ii) How will you confirm the diagnosis? (iii) Discuss in short the clinical features of the disease. (iv) Outline the stepwise approach to the management of the disease. (b) (i) What are the criteria for the identification of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children 6 months to 59 months of age? (ii) Enumerate the criteria for admission in the facility-based care for severe acute malnutrition. (iii) Write ten steps in the management of SAM. (c) Discuss in short the role of X-ray imaging in diagnosing a case of acute abdomen.

(a) A 65-year-old lady has progressively increasing dysphagia for last 6 months. She also has significant weight loss. How will you investigate her? (b) A 42-year-old male, known case of alcoholic liver disease with portal hypertension, is brought to casualty with severe haematemesis. Describe the management of this case. (c) (i) Name any five risk factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse. (ii) Enlist the management options for a 60-year-old postmenopausal lady with procedentia with cystocoele with enterocele with rectocoele. (d) Define chronic pelvic pain. What are the various causes of chronic pelvic pain in women? (e) The Janani-Shishu Suraksha Karyakram is a unique national initiative of the Government of India. State in brief the entitlements to pregnant women and neonates under this scheme.

Write short answers to the following in about 150 words each :

Write short answers to the following in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Comment on the following in about 150 words each :

Comment on the following in about 150 words each :

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

Write short answers, with a sociological perspective, on the following questions in about 150 words each :

Write short answers, with a sociological perspective, on the following questions in about 150 words each :

Suppose that the life in hours of an electric gadget manufactured by a certain process is normally distributed with parameters μ = 160 hours and some σ. What would be the maximum allowable value of σ if the life X of the gadget is to have a probability 0.80 of being between 120 hours and 200 hours? (Normal distribution Table is given at the end.)

State and discuss the important points which have to be considered in the construction of index numbers.

Explain the principle of least squares. How is it used in fitting trend in time-series analysis? Explain the fitting of trend for the curve y = a bᵗ c^{t²}.

Derive, by starting from a suitable functional form for lx, the formula (i) Lx = (lx + lx+1)/2 and (ii) Lx = (lx − lx+1)/(log lx − log lx+1) = − dx / log px (iii) e0x = 1/2 + Σ_{i=1}^{∞} i dx+i / lx where lx = members of the cohort alive at age x Lx = number of years lived, in the aggregate, by the cohort of l0 persons between age x and (x + 1) dx = number of persons dying between age x and (x + 1) = lx − lx+1 px = probability that a person of age x will survive till age (x + 1) e0x = expectation of life at age x

Explain the method of collection of agriculture data. Describe the (i) official publications for data collection, and (ii) statistics collected by the various official agencies pertaining to agriculture production.

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Write your answer in about 150 words for each of the following:

Write your answer in about 150 words for each of the following: