Who established the 'Garhwal-Union' and the 'Garhwal Hitkarini Sabha' ?
- (a)Ramsharan Raturi
- (b)Dharmanand Gairola
- (c)Asha Ram Nautiyal
- (d)Tara Dutt Gairola
Correct — D, Tara Dutt Gairola.
The stem asks for one person behind two bodies, and the establishment of both the 'Garhwal-Union' and the 'Garhwal Hitkarini Sabha' is credited to Tara Dutt Gairola, the Garhwali writer remembered for collecting the region's folklore and for modern Garhwali poetry such as 'Sadei'.
He is the same Gairola who worked with E. S. Oakley on Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon and West Nepal, published in 1935. Fixing him by that book gives you a second, independent handle on the name.
The idea to carry away is that an attribution is stored as a full name, not as a surname or a region. The other three options are equally plausible Garhwali names, and the given name is what separates them.
- (a)Ramsharan Raturi — The Raturi name genuinely belongs to Garhwal's early twentieth-century literary world. The Raturi recorded for the appeal to younger writers to compose in Garhwali rather than in Hindi, made alongside Gairola, is Chandra Mohan Raturi.
That is a fact about the language movement, and it is neither this given name nor an attribution for founding the two organisations in the stem, which the key assigns to Tara Dutt Gairola.
- (b)Dharmanand Gairola — This option is usable only against a memory that stored the surname and dropped the rest. The key assigns both bodies to Tara Dutt Gairola — the folklorist behind Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon and West Nepal.
What the option really tests, then, is whether you kept the full name attached to the organisations. Two of the four options are Gairolas, so the surname on its own resolves nothing here.
- (c)Asha Ram Nautiyal — Nautiyal is a common Garhwali surname, which is exactly what makes the name usable as an option: a name that sounds regionally right costs a paper-setter nothing to supply.
The defence is to attach each association to one named person at the moment you first learn it, so that a regionally familiar name cannot stand in for the one you actually revised. The key names Tara Dutt Gairola.
In late colonial India, educated men from a region or a community formed voluntary associations — usually called a sabha, a parishad or a union — to press for schooling, jobs, redress of local grievances and social reform.
The Garhwal Union and the Garhwal Hitkarini Sabha are Garhwal's instances of that pattern. 'Hitkarini' simply means welfare-promoting, which is why the word recurs in association names across very different regions.
Public life in the Kumaon–Garhwal hills before statehood ran through bodies of this kind. They supplied the vocabulary, the meeting habit and the leadership that later regional politics drew on.
A well-known neighbour is the Kumaon Parishad, formed at Almora in 1916. For a candidate, this sits in state-specific static general knowledge: the item turns on a name and its attachment, not on a narrative you can reason your way to.
- Tara Dutt Gairola is credited with establishing both the Garhwal Union and the Garhwal Hitkarini Sabha.
- Gairola co-authored Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon and West Nepal with E. S. Oakley, published in 1935.
- He wrote modern Garhwali poetry, including 'Sadei', and is remembered for his work on Garhwal's folklore.
- Chandra Mohan Raturi and Tara Dutt Gairola urged younger writers to compose in Garhwali rather than in Hindi.
- 'Hitkarini' means welfare-promoting; the label was used elsewhere too, as in the Walterkrit Rajput Hitkarini Sabha of 1888 in Rajputana.
- The Kumaon Parishad, a regional association of the neighbouring Kumaon hills, was formed at Almora in 1916.
Each row is an association beside the person or persons credited with establishing it. The highlighted row is this question's pairing.
- Two of the four options are Gairolas, so a memory holding only the surname cannot resolve this item.
- The stem wants one person credited with both bodies; splitting the pair and answering for whichever name you associate with 'Union' or with 'Sabha' invents a second founder.
- Raturi, Gairola and Nautiyal are each Garhwali surnames, so 'it sounds like a Garhwal name' eliminates nothing.
- Reaching for a familiar Kumaon Parishad figure answers a different question: those names attach to a different organisation.
One common shape is a straight attribution: the stem names one or two organisations and the options offer four people.
The flipped version hands you the founders in the stem and asks for the exact founding year or date instead — the way the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha is set, with Ranade and G. V. Joshi already named.
A third shape pairs a name with a year inside each option, so the item can be settled from either half if you know one of them securely.
RPSC_2024_PRE_Prelims2024_Q632024Same organisational form and nearly the same name — a colonial-era 'Hitkarini Sabha' formed for the welfare of a defined group. What differs: that body is Rajputana's, and the item tests statements about its aims and origin rather than asking for a founder.
CDS_GK_2020_I_Q792020Same task — attach a sabha to the person who established it. What differs: the Tattvabodhini Sabha is a Bengal reform body, and each option bundles a founder with a year, so the item can be settled from either half.
HPSC_2019_PRE_GSII_Q552019The mirror image of the UKPSC item: the founders, Ranade and G. V. Joshi, are supplied in the stem and the exact founding date must be recalled, whereas here the organisations are supplied and the person must be recalled.
UPSC_2018_GS1_Q702018Founder-recall for a body named 'Sabha' again. What differs: the Hind Mazdoor Sabha is a national trade-union centre of 1948 and each option lists a team of three names, so it is a group attribution rather than a single person.
- practice — not a real PYQ
The founding of the 'Garhwal Union' and the 'Garhwal Hitkarini Sabha' is credited to a figure also remembered for his work on Garhwal's folklore and for modern Garhwali poetry. He is:
- (a)Tara Dutt Gairola
- (b)Badri Datt Pandey
- (c)Govind Ballabh Pant
- (d)Chandra Mohan Raturi
Answera — Tara Dutt Gairola is the name attached to both bodies, and he is the folklorist who worked with E. S. Oakley on Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon and West Nepal (1935).Badri Datt Pandey belongs to the Kumaon agitation against coolie begar. Govind Ballabh Pant was among the founders of the Kumaon Parishad at Almora in 1916, which is a different body from the two Garhwal associations named here.
Chandra Mohan Raturi is remembered as a writer in the Garhwali-language movement, not as the founder of these associations.
- practice — not a real PYQ
The Kumaon Parishad, a regional association of the Kumaon hills, was formed in:
- (a)1916, at Almora
- (b)1900, at Nainital
- (c)1921, at Bageshwar
- (d)1926, at Haldwani
Answera — the Kumaon Parishad was formed at Almora in 1916.Nainital in 1900 sits well before that formation. Bageshwar in 1921 is where the agitation against coolie begar came to a head, which is an event and not the Parishad's founding. Haldwani in 1926 belongs to the Parishad's later course rather than to its establishment.
- practice — not a real PYQ
The Walterkrit Rajput Hitkarini Sabha, established in 1888, owed its formation chiefly to the efforts of:
- (a)Colonel C. K. M. Walter
- (b)M. G. Ranade
- (c)Debendranath Tagore
- (d)Ashok Mehta
Answera — the Sabha carries the name of Colonel C. K. M. Walter, the British officer in Rajputana on whose initiative it was set up; the title itself records the attribution.M. G. Ranade is associated with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. Debendranath Tagore established the Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839. Ashok Mehta belongs to the Hind Mazdoor Sabha of 1948.