Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which conclusion(s) logically follow(s) from the given statements. Statements: All Grapes are Berries. Some Berries are Juices. All Juices are Sodas. Conclusions: (I) Some Berries are Grapes. (II) Some Sodas are Berries.

Correct — C. Test each conclusion against the statements alone, ignoring what you know about fruit.

Conclusion (I): All Grapes are Berries. A universal always yields its particular converse, so Some Berries are Grapes follows.

Conclusion (II): Some Berries are Juices, and All Juices are Sodas. The berries that are juices are therefore sodas, so Some Sodas are Berries follows.

Both hold, and option (c) is the choice that says so.

Why the others are wrong

• (a)
  Only conclusion (I) follows — Accepts the conversion but drops the chain. Some Berries are Juices plus All Juices are Sodas places those berries inside Sodas, so conclusion (II) follows as well.
• (b)
  Only conclusion (II) follows — Accepts the chain but refuses the conversion. All Grapes are Berries guarantees at least one berry that is a grape, so conclusion (I) follows too.
• (d)
  Both the conclusions (I) and (II) do not follow — Rejects both a plain conversion and a two-step chain through Juices. These are the two most routine moves in syllogism, and the statements support each of them.

Syllogism marking is mechanical. A conclusion follows only if it is true in every arrangement the statements permit — you are never asked whether it is true in the world.

Two inferences are always safe. All A are B gives Some B are A. And Some A are B together with All B are C gives Some C are A.

One of each appears here, which is why both conclusions stand. What is never safe is upgrading a Some into an All, or reading a Some as fixing which members overlap.

Key facts

• All A are B converts to Some B are A — the conversion this item's key relies on.
• Some A are B combined with All B are C yields Some C are A.
• A conclusion follows only when no arrangement consistent with the statements makes it false.

Common traps

• Refusing Some Berries are Grapes because the statement runs the other way round
• Importing real-world knowledge about grapes and juices instead of reading the statements as given
• Treating Some Berries are Juices as if it named which berries, when it only guarantees an overlap

No directly related past PYQ was found.