Name the Principal of M.A.O. College, Aligarh, who encouraged Muslim Communalism in the last decades of the 19th Century?

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Correct — D, Theodore Beck. Beck (4 July 1859 – 2 September 1899) was a Quaker and a Cambridge man — Trinity College, President of the Cambridge Union in 1882 — who was invited by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to succeed Henry George Impey Siddons, the first Principal of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, after Siddons resigned in 1883 through ill health. Beck was appointed that year at the age of twenty-four and stayed Principal until he died sixteen years later, which is exactly the window the stem calls 'the last decades of the 19th Century'. What the question means by 'encouraged Muslim communalism' is the political line Beck helped fasten on to Aligarh. In the standard nationalist historiography of the freedom movement he is the Englishman who worked to keep the college's students and old boys out of the Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, and to organise them instead as a separate, loyalist political interest. He was one of the secretaries of the Mohammedan Defence Association, and the associational politics of the same years — Sir Syed's Muhammadan Association of 1883, and the United Patriotic Association founded at Aligarh in 1888 with Raja Shiv Prasad of Benares expressly to promote political co-operation with the British — was the vehicle. Beck also edited the Aligarh Institute Gazette and founded the Siddons Union Club in 1884, so he shaped both the college's debating culture and its public voice. Honesty requires the other half of the man as well: he was a genuine educationist who spent his health on the institution. After Sir Syed died in 1898 Beck campaigned for a Sir Syed Memorial Fund of Rs 10 lakh to raise the college to university status, persuading Englishmen as well as Muslims to give — Viceroy Lord Elgin contributed Rs 2,000 — and he died at Simla on 2 September 1899, where he had gone to recover. His old boys' Beck Fund of about Rs 6,000 built Beck Manzil beside the Lytton Library. One chronological check seals the option: everything the stem describes falls between 1883 and 1899, whereas the Simla Deputation of October 1906 and the founding of the All-India Muslim League at Dacca on 30 December 1906 came seven years after Beck's death, under a later Principal, W. A. J. Archbold.

Why the other options are wrong — (a) Right story, wrong job and wrong decade. Sir James Robert Dunlop Smith (1858-1921) was Private Secretary to the Viceroy Lord Minto from 1905 to 1910 — a Viceregal official, never a college principal, and his Indian years begin six years after Beck's death. The MAO Principal who did carry the Aligarh leadership's request to Simla in 1906 was W. A. J. Archbold, not Dunlop Smith.  (b) A category error the paper is inviting you to make: a Viceroy offered where a college principal is asked. Minto (Viceroy 1905-1910) received the Simla Deputation of 35 leaders under the Aga Khan III in October 1906 and gave separate electorates statutory form through the Indian Councils Act 1909, which is exactly why the name feels right on this topic. But that is twentieth-century Viceregal policy, not a nineteenth-century principalship.  (c) Pure name-recognition bait, and the giveaway that the option list was built for recognisability rather than plausibility. The William Morris a candidate is likely to know is the English designer, poet and socialist (1834-1896) of the Arts and Crafts movement, who never held any office in India. No Principal of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College bore the name.

Concept: The Aligarh movement had two halves, and this question is about the second. Educationally it was a modernising project: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), after writing 'The Causes of the Indian Revolt' and 'The Loyal Muhammadans of India' in the aftermath of 1857 and founding a scientific society in 1864, established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School at Aligarh on 24 May 1875, which became the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877. It was a residential college on the Cambridge model teaching Western science and English alongside Oriental subjects, affiliated first to Calcutta University and transferred to Allahabad University in 1885, and its first graduate was a Hindu; in 1920 it became Aligarh Muslim University. Politically it was something else. From the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 Sir Syed argued that Muslims should stay out of it, that competitive representative government would disadvantage them, and that loyalty to the Raj was the safer route to advancement — a position institutionalised through the Muhammadan Association (1883) and the United Patriotic Association (1888). The college's English principals mattered precisely because they were the bridge between that politics and the Government. Beck ran that bridge from 1883 to 1899; W. A. J. Archbold, Principal from 1905 to 1909, was in Simla in 1906 when Mohsin-ul-Mulk asked him to pass the Muslim leadership's request for an interview to the Viceroy, which produced the Simla Deputation, the All-India Muslim League at Dacca on 30 December 1906, and separate electorates in 1909. The word 'communalism' in the stem is the vocabulary of nationalist historians describing that line; Beck's own defenders present him as a Quaker educationist. The role is documented; the label is an interpretation of it, and a good answer states both.

State PCS 2025 Q74 — History PYQ with Answer

State PCS 2025 Q74 — History PYQ with Answer