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12 topicsGS-1: 1GS-2: 2GS-3: 9
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GS-3Economy

1.AIDIS Household Finance Survey 2026-27 (Debt & Investment Survey)

The Hindu

What & Where

AIDIS: decadal NSO survey on household debt, assets, investments across rural-urban India.

SAS: NSO survey gauging income, expenditure, debt of agricultural households nationwide.

Next AIDIS + SAS round: fieldwork July 2026 – June 2027, all States/UTs.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Survey Objectives

  • Indebtedness: quantify liabilities by institutional vs non-institutional sources to refine credit policy.
  • Assets: map ownership of land, dwellings, gold, financial assets for national accounts & inequality studies.
  • Farm-income: capture crop, livestock, wage receipts guiding MSP, insurance, and income-doubling targets.

Key Features

  • Disaggregation: data by state, sector, income class, land size, asset type enables granular analysis.
  • Inclusivity: includes landless farming households and urban owners of agricultural land.
  • Credit-access: measures loan size, interest, collateral, KCC usage, insurance penetration.

Policy Relevance

  • RBI: uses indebtedness ratios for priority-sector norms and monetary transmission tracking.
  • NITI Aayog: inputs for poverty, asset inequality, farm-income dashboards.
  • Banks: guides branch siting, financial literacy drives, crop-loan design.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
AIDIS origin nameAll India Rural Credit Survey
First AIDIS round1951-52
Urban sector added1961-62
Last AIDIS round77th, 2019
SAS first launched2003 NSS round
SAS expansions2013 & 2019
Implementing agencyNational Statistical Office, MoSPI
SAS partner ministryAgriculture & Farmers Welfare
Upcoming survey windowJul 2026 – Jun 2027
CoverageRural & urban households; all farm households incl. landless
GS-3Infrastructure

2.Great Nicobar Island Development Project (Great Nicobar Development)

The Hindu

What & Where

Island-based mega project in Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar UT

Targets integrated logistics, trade, defence hub via ICTT, airport, power, township

Sits near Malacca Strait, enhancing India’s Indian Ocean strategic footprint

Quick Facts for MCQs

Strategic Significance

  • Proximity to Malacca enables chokepoint monitoring and sea-lane security
  • Bolsters tri-service Andaman & Nicobar Command’s rapid force projection

Project Components

  • ICTT reduces Colombo/Singapore reliance, anchors India’s transhipment ambitions
  • Hybrid airport to spur tourism and expedite humanitarian or military airlift

Environmental Impact

  • Leatherback turtle nesting beaches and endemic species face disturbance
  • Satellite monitoring, green tech, renewable mix promised for mitigation

Social Concerns

  • Shompen Policy 2015 mandates no displacement, cultural autonomy protection
  • Eco-tourism, craft promotion schemes planned for community livelihoods

Disaster Risk

  • Zone-V seismicity, tsunami history necessitate cyclone-tsunami resilient designs
  • Early warning systems, shelters integrated into master plan

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
LocationGreat Nicobar Island, A&N UT
Forest diversion1.82 % island forest land
Township area16,610 ha
ICTT capacity14.2 million TEU
Power plant450 MVA gas-solar hybrid
AirportGreenfield International (civil + defence)
Phase timeline2025–2047, three phases
Cost savingUSD 200–300 million/yr transhipment
PVTGs concernedShompen, Nicobarese

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2020PYQ 1

Recently islands of Andaman and Nicobar were connected with mainland by Submarine Optical Fibre Cable. Which one of the following islands was not connected initially?

CDS_GK, GS1 2009PYQ 2

In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found ?

GS-3EconomyQuick Bite

3.Isobutanol Diesel Blend Trials (Isobutanol Biofuel Trials)

The Hindu

What & Where

Isobutanol blending: mixing C₄H₁₀O alcohol with diesel for transport fuel

Production routes: petrochemical synthesis or biomass fermentation under India’s National Biofuel push

Trials led by Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI); 10 % blends now tested on Indian diesel engines

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • National Biofuel Policy 2018 targets diversified biofuels including advanced alcohols like isobutanol
  • Government pivoted after ethanol-diesel blends failed corrosion and miscibility standards
  • Trials align with energy security and Paris-aligned emission commitments

Technological Edge

  • Higher cetane compatibility yields smoother combustion than ethanol blends
  • Lower water uptake minimises pipeline, storage corrosion risk
  • Can function standalone or co-fuel with CNG for agri-machinery

Environmental Impact

  • Bio-fermented isobutanol lowers lifecycle greenhouse gas versus petro-diesel
  • Reduced aromatic content cuts particulate and NOx emissions
  • Supports circular economy via agricultural residue feedstock

Economic Angle

  • Domestic biomass sourcing boosts rural demand, farmer revenue
  • Import substitution curbs forex outgo on crude oil
  • Scalable production could seed new bio-refinery investments

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Molecular formulaC₄H₁₀O
Carbon atoms4 (higher than ethanol’s 2)
Energy densityCloser to diesel, higher than ethanol
HygroscopicityLow; absorbs less water than ethanol
Current test blend10 % isobutanol + 90 % diesel
Trial agencyAutomotive Research Association of India
Alternate trialsCNG-isobutanol flex-fuel for tractors
Policy anchorNational Biofuel Policy 2018
Usual industrial useSolvent in paints, coatings
Key goalsCut oil import, aid farmer income, cleaner fuel mix
GS-1History

4.Acharya Vinoba Bhave Contributions (Freedom Movement Leader)

PM India
Illustration for Acharya Vinoba Bhave Contributions (Freedom Movement Leader)

What & Where

Acharya Vinoba Bhave, Gandhian philosopher and National Teacher, viewed as Mahatma Gandhi’s spiritual successor

Pioneer of Bhoodan-Gramdan land-gift movements, advancing Sarvodaya, non-violence and rural uplift across India

Born Gagode village, Raigad, Maharashtra; worked from Sabarmati Ashram, later nationwide padyatras

Quick Facts for MCQs

Freedom Struggle

  • Satyagraha, chosen by Gandhi as first Individual Satyagrahi 1940, opposing war-support censorship orders
  • Quit India, imprisoned 1942, simultaneously energised Khadi, Nai Talim, village-industries constructive work
  • Gita discourses at Sabarmati 1932-35 later published as widely translated Talks on the Gita

Land Reform Drives

  • Bhoodan, began 18 Apr 1951 Pochampally, 70,000 km foot-march yielded ≈4 million donated acres
  • Gramdan, 1954 appeal for whole-village land transfer to cooperative community ownership
  • Trusteeship, propounded non-violent wealth redistribution marrying economic justice with spiritual duty

Literary & Linguistic

  • Polyglot, proficient in Marathi, Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, English, Gujarati, Bengali
  • Geetai, Marathi prose rendering of Bhagavad Gita, simplified scripture for rural readership
  • Comparative exegeses on Bible, Quran, Dnyaneshwari fostered interfaith understanding and universal ethics

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Birth date11 Sep 1895
Birth placeGagode, Raigad, Maharashtra
TitleNational Teacher of India
First Individual Satyagrahi1940
Quit India participation1942
Bhoodan launch spot18 Apr 1951, Pochampally, Telangana
Land received in Bhoodan≈4 million acres
Gramdan initiation year1954
Marathi Gita translationGeetai

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2022PYQ 1

Who among the following initiated the Bhoodan Movement?

GS1, NDA_GAT 2007PYQ 2

Which one of the following was associated with Acharya Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan Movement at the beginning of the movement?

GS-3Environment

5.Pugad Island Land Subsidence Risk (Sea-Level Rise)

The Hindu
Illustration for Pugad Island Land Subsidence Risk (Sea-Level Rise)

What & Where

Pugad Island; 7-hectare sand-mud islet inside Manila Bay, Hagonoy municipality, Bulacan province, Philippines.

Sits at mouth of Angat–Pampanga River Delta; formerly shielded by dense mangroves and marshlands.

Hosts ~2,500 fishery-reliant residents yet subsiding 11 cm/yr amid accelerating regional sea-level rise.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Environmental Impact

  • Mangrove-loss: Aquaculture expansion erased natural storm-surge buffer.
  • Flood-frequency: Typhoons, monsoon surges regularly inundate low-lying households.
  • Delta-erosion: Groundwater over-extraction plus river sediment starvation accelerate land loss.

Climate Hazards

  • Typhoon-path: Western Pacific location exposes island to ≥20 cyclones annually.
  • Sea-intrusion: Higher tides already submerge homes; full island submergence possible within decades.
  • Compound-risk: Subsidence + sea-rise triples displacement threat versus sea-rise alone.

Socio-economic Angle

  • Livelihood-stress: Salinity changes reduce fishpond yields, hiking poverty risk.
  • Displacement-cost: 2,500 residents may need relocation; infrastructure liability for Bulacan province.
  • Resource-dependency: Continued groundwater pumping for freshwater exacerbates sinking yet lacks alternatives.

Geophysical Factors

  • Groundwater-withdrawal: Principal driver of vertical land motion in Manila Bay deltaic plain.
  • Volcanic-arc setting: Archipelagic crust tectonically active, compounding elevation changes.
  • Deltaic-sediments: Soft Holocene deposits highly compressible, hastening subsidence under loading.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Island area≈7 ha
Resident population~2,500
Main livelihoodFishing & aquaculture
Subsidence rate~11 cm per year
Philippine avg. sea-level rise3× global rate (≈3.6 mm/yr)
Projected local sea-level riseUp to 13 mm/yr
Coastline length (Philippines)~36,290 km
Highest peakMt Apo – 2,954 m
Capital cityManila
Most populous cityQuezon City
GS-3SpeciesQuick Bite

6.New Black Aspergillus Species Found (Fungal Diversity)

PIB

What & Where

Black aspergillus: filamentous fungi group, key industrial “workhorses”, broadly distributed across ecological niches.

Two new species—Aspergillus dhakephalkarii, Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae—isolated via polyphasic taxonomy.

Found in Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of eight global “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Biodiversity Hotspots

  • Listing: Madagascar, Philippines, Sundaland, Atlantic Forest, Caribbean, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats-Sri Lanka, Eastern Arc.
  • Criterion: exceptional species richness plus high endemism.
  • Status: Western Ghats retains critical conservation priority within India.

Industrial Applications

  • Citric-acid manufacture dominates global usage of black aspergilli.
  • Additional roles: food mycology, fermentation tech, agriculture-based bioprocesses.

Research & Taxonomy

  • Polyphasic taxonomy integrates morphology, genetics, chemistry for precise species delimitation.
  • Current study: first Indian application on black aspergillus complex.

Ecological Significance

  • Fungal presence influences nutrient cycling, plant interactions, and pathogen dynamics in forest ecosystems.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
New species namesA. dhakephalkarii, A. patriciawiltshireae
Discovery regionWestern Ghats, India
Analytical approachAdvanced polyphasic taxonomy
Western Ghats tagUNESCO World Heritage; “hottest hotspot”
Global hottest hotspots8 regions worldwide
Key industrial roleMajor source for citric acid production
Hotspot partner regionSri Lanka clubs with Western Ghats
Example endemic faunaLion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr
Other Asian hotspotIndo-Burma (NE India-Vietnam)
GS-3S&T

7.Optical Photonic Computing Breakthrough (Optical Computing)

The Hindu

What & Where

Definition: Optical computers process info with photons in glass fibres, replacing electron flow in silicon chips

Core process: Data-to-light conversion, nonlinear fibre transformation, spectrum decoding delivers AI inference output

Geography: Breakthrough labs—Tampere University (Finland) & Université Marie et Louis Pasteur (France)

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Mechanism: Nonlinear Kerr effect in fibre imprints input data onto output spectrum
  • Conversion: Photonic encoder/decoder handles electrical-to-optical and back transitions
  • Scalability: Longer fibres allow richer transformations yet raise loss, demanding optimisation

Performance Metrics

  • Energy: Orders-of-magnitude lower than GPU-based AI inference
  • Latency: Single fibre pass computes near-instant, no iterative clock cycles
  • Bandwidth: Multiple colour channels enable simultaneous vector operations

Application Spectrum

  • AI/ML: Faster neural network training, edge-device vision tasks
  • Supercomputing: Greener data-centre accelerators for climate, genomics workloads
  • Telecom: In-line photonic processing cuts network latency for real-time services

Research & Development

  • Collaboration: Cross-Europe effort blending photonics and machine-learning expertise
  • Future work: Integrating fibre processors with existing silicon photonics platforms
  • Funding drivers: Push for energy-efficient computing amid rising AI electricity demand

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Information carrierPhotons (light pulses)
Hardware mediumStandard optical fibre (glass)
Demonstrated taskImage recognition of handwritten digits
Reported accuracy91–93 %
Key advantageUltra-low heat, lower power draw
Speed edgeLight propagation faster than electron drift
Parallelism basisDifferent wavelengths act as separate channels
Optimal parametersFibre length & pulse power tuning
GS-3S&T

8.Mars Biosignatures in Sapphire Canyon (Mars Biosignatures)

Indian Express
Illustration for Mars Biosignatures in Sapphire Canyon (Mars Biosignatures)

What & Where

Sapphire Canyon: rocky outcrop on Neretva Vallis rim near Jezero Crater, Mars; hosts Cheyava Falls drill site.

Cheyava Falls core extracted by NASA Perseverance in July 2024, sealed for eventual Mars Sample Return.

Rock holds strongest potential Martian biosignatures yet, detected via on-board SHERLOC & PIXL spectrometers.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Geology & Composition

  • Mineral mix includes clay and phosphate, ideal for preserving biomolecules.
  • Iron oxides and mottled black spots imply water-rock alteration.
  • Calcium-sulfate veins confirm late-stage fluid circulation.

Astrobiology Significance

  • SHERLOC mapped organic carbon with electron-transfer markers suggestive of ancient microbial metabolism.
  • Combined mineral–organic context ranks as strongest Mars biosignature candidate to date.
  • Findings sharpen search zones for past life in Jezero’s lake sediments.

Mission & Instruments

  • Perseverance’s coring drill sealed sample in titanium tube for cache.
  • SHERLOC provides 7 µm mapping of organics; PIXL quantifies elemental chemistry at 100 µm scale.
  • Data bolster political justification and funding push for Mars Sample Return architecture.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Planetary siteSapphire Canyon, Jezero Crater region, Mars
Geological settingDeltaic rocky outcrop along extinct Neretva Vallis river
Sample nickname“Cheyava Falls”
Collection month-yearJuly 2024
Rover & missionPerseverance, Mars 2020 mission
Key instrumentsSHERLOC Raman-luminescence + PIXL X-ray spectrometer
Detected materialsClay, silt, organic carbon, sulphur, iron oxides, phosphate
Textures seenBlack “poppy-seed” mottling, leopard-spot patterns
Aqueous clueWhite calcium-sulfate veins indicating past water flow
Follow-up planReturn to Earth under Mars Sample Return campaign
GS-2International Relations

9.India–Mauritius USD 680-Million Package (India-Mauritius Aid Package)

Times of India
Illustration for India–Mauritius USD 680-Million Package (India-Mauritius Aid Package)

What & Where

India–Mauritius Special Economic Package, USD 680 mn mix of grant & line-of-credit for multisector projects

Announced during Mauritian PM Navinchandra Ramgoolam’s Varanasi visit, highlighting deep diaspora links

Target area: Mauritius, strategic Indian Ocean island astride key sea-lanes near Africa

Quick Facts for MCQs

Development Aid

  • Allocation covers health, roads, airport, port equipment enhancing Mauritian public infrastructure
  • Hospital, Jan Aushadhi Kendra, AYUSH centre boost affordable healthcare & traditional medicine outreach
  • Skill push via IIT-Madras, IIPM links fosters innovation, blue-collar upskilling

Maritime & Security

  • Joint redevelopment Port Louis, EEZ hydrographic mapping strengthen regional maritime hub aspirations
  • Blue Economy cooperation includes Chagos Marine Protected Area surveillance, fisheries management
  • India supplies helicopters, coast-guard training, capacity-building under SAGAR vision

Strategic Importance

  • Location safeguards east–west SLOCs, complements India’s maritime domain awareness vs Chinese BRI presence
  • Mauritius top FDI conduit into India due DTAA; port works align with Sagarmala connectivity
  • Serves gateway to Africa; aligns in IORA, Commonwealth, Indian Ocean Commission

Challenges

  • China BRI investments intensify influence contest in Western Indian Ocean
  • Cyclones, sea-level rise threaten new assets; resilience design imperative
  • Island logistics & clearances risk project delays; digital monitoring, single-window needed

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Package valueUSD 680 million
Financial modeGrant + Exim Bank LoC
Health projectNew Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital
First Jan Aushadhi abroadPort Louis
AYUSH facilityCentre of Excellence, Mauritius
Education MoUsIIT-Madras, IIPM-Bengaluru, Univ. of Mauritius
Key road worksMotorway M4; Ring Road Phase II
Aviation upgradeNew ATC tower, SSR Airport
Port modernisation sitePort Louis
Diaspora share≈68 % population of Indian origin

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2010PYQ 1

A great deal of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India comes from Mauritius than from many major and mature economies like UK and France. Why?

GS-2International Relations

10.India–Mauritius Enhanced Strategic Partnership (India-Mauritius Relations)

Hindustan Times
Illustration for India–Mauritius Enhanced Strategic Partnership (India-Mauritius Relations)

What & Where

Enhanced Strategic Partnership 2025: India–Mauritius pact covering trade, defence, local-currency finance, maritime security in Western Indian Ocean

MAHASAGAR vision: Mutual & Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions, SAGAR-plus outreach to Global South

Agalega Island: Indian-built 3 km runway & jetty; agreed joint use for surveillance, EEZ patrols, HADR

Quick Facts for MCQs

Strategic & Security

  • White-shipping, hydrography, blue-economy cooperation; India reiterates support for Mauritian claim over Chagos Archipelago
  • Joint use of Agalega facilities strengthens western IOR monitoring, counters expanding Chinese footprint
  • Planned Police Academy & Maritime Information Fusion Centre funded by India

Economic & Development

  • Trade settlement in local currencies announced, reducing USD dependence
  • India extended USD 1.1 bn assistance during last decade; Metro Express, Supreme Court, hospitals cited
  • New Parliament building to be gifted by India, labelled Mother-of-Democracy gesture

Historical Linkages

  • 5 lakh Indian indentured workers arrived 1834-early 1900s; two-thirds settled permanently
  • Mahatma Gandhi 1901 visit urged education; commemorated through 12 March National Day
  • First Mauritian PM Seewoosagur Ramgoolam closely interacted with Gandhi, Nehru, Bose

Diaspora & Culture

  • Maha Shivratri at Ganga Talao major annual Hindu congregation
  • Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tamil broadcast on national media, aided by ICCR, Doordarshan content
  • ITEC scheme trained 4,940 Mauritians since 2002, deepening people-to-people ties

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Diplomatic ties established1948
Mauritius independence1968
Indian-origin population share~70 %
Mauritius FDI rank in India (FY 23-24)2nd after Singapore
First rupee-denominated LOC useReplace Mauritius water pipelines
DTAA protocol aimAlign with OECD anti-tax-avoidance standards
National award to Indian PMGrand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key
Key maritime forumsIORA, Colombo Security Conclave, Indian Ocean Conference
National Day of Mauritius date12 March (marks Dandi Yatra)

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2010PYQ 1

A great deal of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India comes from Mauritius than from many major and mature economies like UK and France. Why?

GS1, NDA_GAT 2021PYQ 2

Which country has replaced Maldives to host the 2023 Indian Ocean Island Games?

GS-3Security

11.Border Wing Home Guards Expansion (Border Home Guards)

The Hindu
Illustration for Border Wing Home Guards Expansion (Border Home Guards)

What & Where

Voluntary Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs) comprise border-area civilians assisting regular forces.

Constituted under Home Guards Act 1962; MHA + States; active on India–Pakistan border (Rajasthan); proposed for China LAC.

Roles: patrolling aid, intelligence relay, law-order & disaster support in frontier districts.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Notification issued per Sec 3, Home Guards Act; Centre sanctions companies, States raise & control.
  • Only Rajasthan raised units despite seven authorised states, highlighting implementation gap.
  • New proposal seeks cabinet approval for fresh companies along LAC.

Financial Angle

  • Centre funds 25 %; remainder borne by state, ensuring budget lightness versus regular battalions.
  • Uses existing local infrastructure; minimal capital expenditure.
  • Comparable daily pay retains volunteers while curbing fiscal strain.

Security Dimension

  • Acts as eyes-and-ears for Army, ITBP, BSF; improves micro-level situational awareness.
  • Local composition enables rapid mobilisation, terrain familiarity, language interface.
  • Proven intelligence relay in Operation Sindoor validated concept’s efficacy.

Community Integration

  • Employment avenue for border youth, fostering stake in security ecosystem.
  • Enhances trust between villagers and uniformed agencies, easing information flow.
  • Presence deters cross-border crime through constant civilian vigilance.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Parent lawHome Guards Act 1962
Supervising ministryMinistry of Home Affairs
Force natureVoluntary auxiliary, 3–4 yr enrolment
Central cost share25 % of pay & training
Daily allowance₹800–900 (≈ police constable)
Authorised statesMeghalaya, Tripura, Assam, W. Bengal, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat
Present deployment2,279 personnel, 23 companies, Rajasthan (India–Pakistan border)
Planned expansionChina border (3,488 km LAC) under MHA review
Notable operationOperation Sindoor – ground intelligence success
Main valueLow-cost force multiplier & community bridge

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS, GS1 2023PYQ 1

With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements:

GEO_GS, GS1 2020PYQ 2

Which one of the following is the oldest Para Military Force in India?

GS-3SecurityQuick Bite

12.Samudra Pradakshina All-Women Circumnavigation (All-Women Circumnavigation)

PIB

What & Where

Samudra Pradakshina – world’s first tri-service, all-women sailing circumnavigation, flagged off Sept 2025 from Goa

Route: 26,000 nm, Equator twice, Capes Leeuwin-Horn-Good Hope, via Southern Ocean & Drake Passage, ~9 months

Crew & craft: 10 women officers led by Lt Col Anuja Varudkar on indigenous Indian Army Sailing Vessel Triveni

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Tri-service crew advances integrated theatre operations concept
  • Indigenous yacht aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat defence indigenisation
  • Harsh Southern Ocean sailing sharpens blue-water endurance

Maritime Diplomacy

  • Port calls boost engagement across Indian, Pacific, Atlantic oceans
  • Record-compliant voyage elevates India’s global sailing profile
  • Women leadership showcases India’s gender-inclusive soft power

Scientific Research

  • NIO monitors microplastics, biodiversity, ocean health en-route
  • Data aids SDG-14, UN Decade of Ocean Science commitments
  • Continuous sampling offers multi-ocean baseline dataset

Historical Context

  • Precedents: Donde 2009-10; Tomy 2012-13; Navika I 2017-18; II 2024-25
  • First tri-service, all-women team; earlier expeditions Navy-centric
  • Continues Indian push for circumnavigation competence

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Expedition natureTri-service all-women circumnavigation
VesselIASV Triveni (indigenous)
Crew strength10 women officers
Distance~26,000 nautical miles
Duration~9 months
Mandatory standardWorld Sailing Speed Record Council
Equator crossingsTwo
Key CapesLeeuwin, Horn, Good Hope
Foreign portsFremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley, Cape Town
Scientific partnerNational Institute of Oceanography

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI 2023PYQ 1

Which one of the following Indian Naval Ships has recently concluded a 17,000-nm trans-ocean intercontinental voyage?

CAPF_GAI 2023PYQ 2

The journey of the First Phase of Sagar Parikrama Yatra, an initiative of the Government of India, was started from:

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