Compulsory Language — UPSC Mains Optional PYQ (2023–2025)

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in about 600 words:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics:

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in about 600 words :

Write an essay in about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics:

निम्नलिखित कुनै एउटा विषयमा 600 (छ सय) शब्दमा निबन्ध लेख्नुहोस् :

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) India’s scientific tradition: its ancient heritage (b) The deepening crisis of the world-wide monetary system (c) Benefits of digital payment (d) Involving India’s youth in the promotion of sports

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics : (a) Importance of traditional Indian knowledge (b) Emerging youth leaders – their role in the spiritual domain (c) Prospects of the digital revolution (d) Indian women in the field of sports – present challenges

Write an essay of at least 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics :

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions briefly and precisely:

Read carefully the passage given below, and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language. In proportion as a book is more loosely constructed, the paragraphs tend to become more diffuse. You often have to search through all the paragraphs of a chapter to find the sentences you can construct into a statement of a single argument. Some books make you search in vain, and some do not even encourage the search. A good book usually summarizes itself as its arguments develop. If the author summarizes his arguments for you at the end of a chapter, or at the end of an elaborate section, you should be able to look back over the preceding pages and find the materials he has brought together in the summary. In The Origin of Species, Darwin summarizes his whole argument for the reader in a last chapter, entitled "Recapitulation and Conclusion." The reader who has worked through the book deserves that help. The one who has not cannot use it. Incidentally, if you have inspected the book well before beginning to read it analytically, you will know whether the summary passages exist and if they do, where they are. You can then make the best possible use of them when interpreting the book. Another sign of a bad or loosely constructed book is the omission of steps in an argument. Sometimes they can be omitted without damage or inconvenience, because the propositions left out can be generally supplied from the common knowledge of readers. But sometimes their omission is misleading, and may even be intended to mislead. One of the most familiar tricks of the orator or propagandist is to leave certain things unsaid, things that are highly relevant to the argument, but that might be challenged if they were made explicit. While we do not expect such devices in an honest author whose aim is to instruct us, it is nevertheless a sound maxim of careful reading to make every step in an argument explicit. Whatever kind of book it is, your obligation as a reader remains the same. If the book contains arguments, you must know what they are, and be able to put them into a nutshell. Any good argument can be put into a nutshell. There are, of course, arguments built upon arguments. In the course of an elaborate analysis, one thing may be proved in order to prove another, and this may be used in turn to make a still further point. The units of reasoning, however, are single arguments. If you can find these in any book you are reading, you are not likely to miss the larger sequences. This is all very well to say, you may object, but unless one knows the structure of arguments as a logician does, how can one be expected to find them in a book, or worse, to construct them when the author does not state them compactly in a single paragraph? The answer is that it must be obvious that you do not have to know about arguments "as a logician does." There are relatively few logicians in the world, for better or for worse. Most of the books that convey knowledge and can instruct us contain arguments. They are intended for the general reader, not for specialists in logic. No great logical competence is needed to read these books. To repeat what we said before, the nature of the human mind is such that if it works at all during the process of reading, if it comes to terms with the author and reaches his propositions, it will see his arguments as well. There are, however, a few things we can say that may be helpful to you in carrying out this rule of reading. In the first place, remember that every argument must involve a number of statements. Of these, some give the reasons why you should accept a conclusion the author is proposing. If you find the conclusion first, then look for the reasons. If you find the reasons first, see where they lead. In the second place, discriminate between the kind of argument that points to one or more particular facts as evidence for some generalization and the kind that offers a series of general statements to prove some further generalizations. The former kind of reasoning is usually referred to as inductive, the latter as deductive; but the names are not what is important. What is important is the ability to discriminate between the two. In the literature of science, this distinction is observed whenever the difference is emphasized between the proof of a proposition by reasoning and its establishment by experiment. Galileo, in his Two New Sciences, speaks of illustrating by experiment conclusions that have already been reached by mathematical demonstration. And in a concluding chapter of his book On the Motion of the Heart, the great physiologist William Harvey writes: "It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body." Sometimes it is possible to support a proposition both by reasoning from other general truths and by offering experimental evidence. Sometimes only one method of argument is available. In the third place, observe what things the author says he must assume, what he says can be proved or otherwise evidenced, and what need not be proved because it is self-evident. He may honestly try to tell you what all his assumptions are, or he may just as honestly leave you to find them out for yourself. Obviously, not everything can be proved, just as not everything can be defined. If every proposition had to be proved, there would be no beginning to any proof. Such things as axioms and assumptions or postulates are needed for the proof of other propositions. If these other propositions are proved, they can, of course, be used as premises in further proofs. Every line of argument, in other words, must start somewhere. Basically, there are two ways or places in which it can start: with assumptions agreed on between writer and reader, or with what are called self-evident propositions, which neither the writer nor reader can deny. In the first case, the assumptions can be anything, so long as agreement exists. The second case requires some further comment here. In recent times, it has become commonplace to refer to self-evident propositions as "tautologies"; the feeling behind the term is sometimes one of contempt for the trivial, or a suspicion of legerdemain. Rabbits are being pulled out of a hat. You put the truth in by defining your words, and then pull it out as if you were surprised to find it there. That, however, is not always the case. For example, there is a considerable difference between a proposition such as "a father of a father is a grandfather," and a proposition such as "the whole is greater than its parts." The former statement is a tautology; the proposition is contained in the definition of the words; it only thinly conceals the verbal stipulation, "Let us call the parent of a parent a 'grandparent'." But that is far from being the case with the second proposition.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow in clear and concise form, in your own language. (12×5 = 60)

Read the given passage carefully and answer ANY FIVE of the following questions:

Read the following passage carefully and, on the basis of your understanding, answer the questions that follow. Provide detailed and analytical answers. (12 × 5 = 60) PASSAGE (Malayalam original): "ജനിതകവൈവിധ്യവും അവരൂപപ്പെടുന്ന ആവാസ വ്യവസ്ഥയും ഉള്‍പ്പെടുന്ന ഭൂമിയിലെ ജീവജാലങ്ങളുടെ വൈവിധ്യസ്വഭാവമാണ് ജൈവവൈവിധ്യം. ഇന്ന് ഈ ജൈവവൈവിധ്യത്തിന് ഏറെയും ഭീഷണികള്‍ നേരിടുന്നു. ഉഷ്ണമേഖലവനങ്ങളുടെയും നാശവും അതുവഴി ഉദിക്കാന്‍ വരുന്ന പ്രകൃതിക്ഷോഭങ്ങളും കാരണം അതിന്റെ മൂല്യവും വലീയ നഷ്ടം നേരിടുന്നു. ഇന്ന് വനങ്ങള്‍ സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്ന ജീവജാലങ്ങള്‍ അപ്രത്യക്ഷം ആവുകയാണ്. ഒസൂണ്‍ ഹോഷ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും വയവാസ്വസ്ഥ്യത്തിനും ഉപയോഗപ്പെടുത്തുന്നു. മനുഷ്യവാസങ്ങള്‍ക്കു വേണ്ടി വന്‍തോതില്‍ കാടുകള്‍ ചട്ടുപൊളിച്ച് കൃഷിയിടങ്ങളാക്കി മാറ്റുന്ന പ്രവണത കൂടിയതോടെ … (Passage continues across pages 2–3)"

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई ध्यानपूर्वक पढी त्यसका आधारमा तल दिइएका प्रश्नका उत्तर स्पष्ट, सही अनि संक्षिप्त भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् :

Carefully read the following passage written in Sanskrit on ‘Biodiversity’ and answer the questions that follow in clear and grammatical Sanskrit sentences. (12 × 5 = 60) “जैवविविधता (Biodiversity) विषयक जीवितप्रजातीनां विविधता अस्ति। अस्याः विविधतायाः प्रजातीनाम् आनुवंशिकी विविधता तथा परिस्थितिक-तन्त्रस्य (Eco-system) समृद्धिः लक्षणं भवति। … (full passage as printed in the paper) …”

Read the following passage carefully and, in your own words, answer clearly and concisely the questions given at the end. (12 × 5 = 60)

Read the passage given in Telugu and write suitable answers to the following questions :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in clear and correct language. (12×5 = 60 marks) [Passage in Urdu discussing the concept of biodiversity, its accelerating loss during the last quarter-century, causes such as deforestation, over-use of resources, habitat destruction, the need for conservation, and the social-economic consequences of biological degradation.]

Write a critical summary of the following passage in about 300 words. No separate introduction is needed. Write concisely in your own language.

Make a precis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give or suggest a title to it. The precis should be written in your own words. Every individual soul is an undeveloped entity, which though not wholly emancipated from the animal instincts, is yet capable of transmuting them. By a willing acceptance of the commanding claims of spirit and a discipline of our nature into conformity with its law, we achieve growth: A redirection of interest and re-education of the unconscious mind alone can transform us from carnal-mindedness into spiritual-mindedness. It means restraint and discipline. There is real temptation, genuine struggle involved in every transcendence of the natural man. But this transcendence is the condition of the fulfilment of personality. Though the effort is costly, the reward is great. This transcendence is a phenomenon common to all progress. From the pursuit of its prey by the amoeba to the spiritual struggles of the striving soul, we have a continuously graded series of purposive efforts. We choose the goal everywhere and adapt the means. Only at the human level we can do so consciously and deliberately. Man is neither the slave of circumstances nor the blind sport of the gods. The impulse to perfection working in the universe has become self-conscious in him. Progress happened in the subhuman world; it is willed in the human. Conscious purpose takes the place of unconscious variations. Man alone has the unrest consequent on the conflict between what he is and what he can be. He is distinguished from other creatures by his seeking after a rule of life, a principle of progress. It is by transforming ourselves that we shall be able to transform the world. The soul of all improvement, it has been rightly said, is the improvement of the soul. We need not leave the building of the new civilization to luck — it is a matter for cunning also. There is a good deal to be done yet. The world is unfinished in several respects. It lies with us to retard or hasten the progress. The lesson of evolution is clear. Life does not work according to any set programme, reaching satisfying climaxes in the progress. It wanders, hesitates, sometimes breaks off abruptly, and often returns upon itself. The processes of nature are by no means economical. The history of the past tells us that, if we choose wrongly, we shall sooner or later be eliminated. Each of us can participate in the process of creating a better world, by understanding the purpose of the universe and identifying ourselves with it. Every individual is a unique entity possessing specific features and capable of contributing a distinctive good to the world. Self-finding is the essence of all perfection. By seeing life steadily and whole, we find our place in it. Each human individual is an association of qualities and functions whose focus can be variously situated and according as this centre is higher or lower, the person's character is superficial or deep. Whatever be the empirical foundations, the choice of the centre redeems them. It is by means of reflection and meditation that we seek a centre which can unify our nature, realize our specific place in the universe, and acquire the strength to play our parts, however humble and however arduous they may be. Hence the necessity for quiet contemplation and solitude. Moral life is one of significance and social value. Mere instinctive reaction or impulsive activity is not moral conduct which must embody an idea or be significant. Crude materials of human nature must be shaped to spiritual ends. It is the form given to the material that matters. All expressions of human life are significant and every one of them is judged by its meaning and purpose. We cannot have any one conventional type or pattern. Each man sees the world from a different angle from that of his fellow. Whatever ideal we choose, we must recognize its nature and believe in its possibility, devise a plan of action, and with suffering and self-sacrificing ardour strive to realize it. Besides, the line of conduct to be moral must contribute to social preservation and harmony, which the progress of evolution aims at. Any line of conduct which is destructive of the human race or promotes discord cannot be regarded as moral. Moral life requires us to respect the dignity of every individual. It is the enrichment of life that comes from the recognition of others and adaptation to them. Uniqueness is a quality which all of us share. The goal of the world process is a harmonious unity in which each individual finds his specific realization. The law of moral progress may best be expressed as one of acceptance and adventure. When we take up the individual unit, we find that there are so many passions and impulses as the raw material of human nature. Any ethical code, which calls upon us to repudiate this given endowment and destroy it, is not a satisfactory one. The given has to be accepted and on the basis of it we have to build higher. Man is never satisfied with mere acceptance or adjustment. There is an urge in his breast that makes him go forward and upward. The ultimate aim of life is not simply to maintain but to elevate the place.

Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length, in your own words. No title is required.

Write a précis of the following passage in Kashmiri, reducing it to about one-third of its length and giving it a suitable title.

Answer the following as directed.

Summarise the following prose passage to ONE-THIRD of its original length. Giving a separate title is optional. The summary must be written in your own words. (Marks: 60) PASSAGE (Malayalam original): "സന്തോഷമനെന്നത് അത്യന്തംഭംഗിയില്‍ നാമത്തെthane … (Passage continues across pages 4–6 describing the meaning of happiness, life experiences, social responsibilities, etc.)"

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदको सारांश लगभग एक-तिहाइ शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् । यसकाे शीर्षक लेख्न आवश्यक छ । सारांश आफ्नै भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् ।

On the basis of the following Sanskrit prose passage, write a précis in your own words of roughly one-third the original length. Do not assign any title; give the context yourself. (Marks : 60) “यदि वयं शास्त्रम् इच्छामः किं नामेदं प्रश्नमिति तर्हि नायं विषयः; अस्माभिः कस्यचित् कल्पनालोके नावलोकनीयः। एष एव विषयः अस्माभिः मनुष्येषु मध्ये अन्वेषणीयः ये सम्पूर्णं च जीवनं जीवन्ति … (passage continues up to the end of the printed text — about 517 words).”

Précis Writing: Condense the following passage to one-third of its length in your own words. No title is required.

Write a précis of the given Telugu passage, reducing it to ONE-THIRD of its original length. Do NOT supply a title.

Explain the following extract in ONE paragraph in your own words (Urdu). No separate title is required. (60 marks) [Extract in Urdu beginning with “اگر ہم چاہتے ہیں کہ خوشی …” and extending over the next page, dealing with the true philosophy of happiness, self-realisation, social duty, and altruistic living.]

Translate the passage given below into English.

Q4. (c) Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets. (d) Write the antonyms of the following.

Translate the following passage into English :

Translate the following passage into English:

Read the following passage and translate it into English.

Translate the following Malayalam prose passage into English: "ലോകം നേരിടുന്ന കൊടിയ ഭീഷണിയാണ് ദീർഘവാദം. അമേരിക്ക, ഇന്ത്യ, ഇസ്രായേൽ തുടങ്ങിയ രാജ്യങ്ങൾ ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ പിടിയിൽനിന്ന് മോചിതമാകാൻ പാടുപെടുകയാണ്. എന്നിടെയെങ്കിലും ഈ കുരുക്ക് മുറുകികൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു; എന്നും എപ്പോഴും ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ നിശ്ചർമമായ വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ മാധ്യമങ്ങളില്‍ തലക്കെട്ടുകളാവുന്നു. ഭേദപ്പെട്ടതൊന്നും ഇതുവരെ വാര്‍ത്തകളായിട്ടില്ല; ദിനസന്ധ്യയും നന്മയും വേവലാതിക്കപ്പെട്ടതുമാണ്. എവിടെയും നിരപരാധികളെയാണ് ഇവരുടെ സവന്തരശു മുന്നിലാണ് ബലിനയിക്കുന്നത്. സ്വാവലംബനത്താല്‍ ചില അവിശ്വാസങ്ങളുടെ സ്വാധീനത്തിലാണ് ദീർഘവാദത്തിന്റെ വിത്തുകള്‍ ഇന്ത്യയിലും മുളയ്ക്കുന്നത്. ഇന്ന് ഇന്ത്യയില്‍ എവിടെയൊക്കെയായി വ്യാപിച്ചുകൂടിയുള്ള ഇവരുടെ പ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍ സമുദായത്തേയും രാജ്യത്തെയും ചോരയൂറ്റുകയാണ്. കാശ്മീരിലാണ് അവരുടെ ഏറ്റവും തീവ്രമായ ബസിപ്പിഎന്നത്. അവിടത്തെ തങ്ങളുടെ temel-കകകക? (continues) ... (passage continues up to the phrase) "...എങ്കിൽ മാത്രമേ ഒരു ജനതയ്ക്ക് Alle Nate നടക്കൂ."

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई अंग्रेजीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् :

Translate the following passage into ENGLISH. (Marks : 20) “आदर्शकवनाः सम्प्रेष्यापि विषयैः मानतया विविधीकृतकोन्द्री मरुद्गाः अस्ति। अमेरिक-भारत-इजरायल-प्रभृति: देशाः आदर्शवनस्य व्यूहस्य बहिः आभ्यन्तरं संगृहीताः वर्तन्ते … (entire Sanskrit passage as printed in the paper).”

Translate the following passage into English.

Translate the given Telugu passage into English.

Translate the following passage into English : (20 marks) [Passage in Urdu concerning global terrorism, its menace to humanity, India’s struggle against terrorism, the need for united public and governmental action, and the moral responsibility of every citizen.]

Translate the passage given below into Assamese.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Q5. Answer all parts (a) to (d) as instructed.

Translate the following passage into Gujarati :

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Translate the following passage into Kannada: Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Read the following passage and translate it into Kashmiri.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Translate the following English prose passage into Malayalam: "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई नेपालीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् :

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Translate the following passage into SANSKRIT. (Marks : 20) "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

Answer the following: (c) Replace the following words with suitable synonyms: (i) जेबाजो (ii) रांगीण (iii) छोकिरो (iv) रकाबु (v) बुरैउ (d) Explain the meaning of the following idioms/phrases and use each of them in a sentence: (i) वैरी थियण (ii) पोह ढाओ हुवण (iii) रकिस करण (iv) कनफिन में न मानण (v) रज़ा ते रज़ी रहण

Translate the following passage into Tamil.

Translate the following English passage into Telugu: Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance. An effective school health programme is one of the most cost-effective approaches in improving community health. School health activities contribute to healthy lifestyles, thus leading to a healthy future generation. School children also communicate the health-related information gained in schools to their families and neighbourhood, contributing to improved family and community health. The functions of school health services include detection and treatment of defects, creation and maintenance of hygienic environment in and around the school, provision of school meals, and improvement of nutritional status of children. This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns.

Translate the following passage into Urdu : (20 marks) "Healthy children are an essential component of an effective education system. Good health reduces absenteeism and dropouts and increases scholastic performance … This may be further enlarged to include health check-ups and immunisation campaigns."

(a) Give the meaning of each of the following idioms/phrases and use it in a sentence. (2×5 = 10)

Do as directed:

Answer the following as directed:

Answer the following as directed:

Answer ALL the following sub-parts as directed.

Answer the following questions : (2×5 = 10 marks)

Explain the meaning of the following idioms/proverbs.

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Democracy and the Freedom of Nature (b) Is the problem of drinking water about to become acute in India? (c) Preservation of International Culture: Efforts and Possibilities (d) Empty Columns Make the Loudest Noise

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) Paper books are more attractive than their electronic formats. (b) Ethics in sports. (c) War as a policy instrument for nations today. (d) There is no place like home.

Q1. 600 ಪದಗಳ ಮಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ವಿಷಯಗಳ any one ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ : (a) ಧರ್ಮ, ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ (b) ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಡಿಯುವ ನೀರಿನ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಗಂಭೀರವಾಗಿದೆಯೆ? (c) ಬುಡಕಟ್ಟು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ : ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಧನೆಗಳು (d) ಹಸಿರು ಗ್ರಹ (GREEN EARTH) ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ಮರುಸಂರಚನೆ – ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಸವಾಲುಗಳು

Write an essay in about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

पुढीलपैकी कोणत्याही एका विषयावर 600 शब्दांत निबंध लिहा : (a) लोकशाही आणि अभिव्यक्तिस्वातंत्र्य (b) भारतातील पिण्यासाठी पाण्याचे संकट (c) आदिवासी संस्कृतीचे जतन : प्रयत्न आणि शक्यता (d) विक्रया भांड्याला खडखडाट फार

Use any FIVE of the following idiomatic phrases in sentences of your own (one sentence for each): हावा खाने, तीन न देखेको, आँखा फुट्नु, पेट काट्नु, इर्ष्या हुनु, काँधको फेरु, कुर्सीको काम.

Write an essay in about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics: (a) ଗ୍ରାମଜୀବନ ଓ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଗତ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞାନ (b) ଭାରତରେ ପାଣ୍ଠା ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଆହ୍ବାନ କି? (c) ଜନତାଙ୍କ ସଂସ୍କୃତି ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ : ପ୍ରୟାସ ଓ ଯଥାର୍ଥତା (d) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାଟନ ମାଧ୍ୟମର ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ବିକାଶ

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following subjects:

निम्नलिखितेषु विषयेषु कतमेकं विषयमवलम्ब्य यथाशक्ति (600 परिमितशब्दैः) निबन्धः लेखनीयः : (a) लोकतन्त्रः : अभिनवत्वं, स्वातन्त्रता च (b) किं भारते पेयजलस्य संकटः आसन्नः अस्ति ? (c) जनजातीय संस्कृतिसंरक्षणम् : प्रयासः, समस्याः च (d) निःसंसारस्य पदस्य प्रयोगात्मकः महान्

हेठियन मां कोईहिक विषय ते 600 लफ्जनि में मग़मू लिखो : (a) लोकतशाही ऐं इज़हार-ए-खयाल जी आज़ादी (b) छा पाकिस्तान जो हुहुम्रु भारत में जल्दु अच्छण बारे आहे ? (c) क़लमाइली सफ़र जो रहनुमु : कोशिशूं ऐं इंक़लाकात (d) व्हले चणे वधे घणे

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

ఈ క్రింది అంశాలలో ఏదైనా ఒకదానిని ఎంపికించుకొని దాని గురించి ఆరు వందల (600) పదాలలో వ్యాసరచన చేయండి :

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics:

Read the following prose passage carefully and answer ALL the questions that follow, briefly, completely and in clear language. (12 × 5 = 60) [Passage in Bengali beginning with "সমালোচনা, সাহিত্যের একটি অংশ হিসেবে বিবেচ্য..." continues across two pages.]

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (12×5 = 60):

Read carefully the passage given below and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language: British rule in India was a relationship of economic and political domination between an imperial power and its colony. It was based on conquest, consolidated after several wars and followed economic policies designed to serve British interests. Both the parties knew it was unequal, exploitative and based on force. As such it raised moral questions and needed justification. Their self-respect, sense of morality and morale required the British to convince themselves that they were right to rule over India. In order to ensure its orderly and continued existence and secure the co-operation and support of the Indians without whom they simply could not run the country, they also needed to convince their subjects that British rule was in their ‘real’ interest. It was, of course, possible for them to justify it to themselves in one way and to their subjects in another. However, they knew that such a strategy was open to the charge of inconsistency, even hypocrisy, and inherently precarious. In order to achieve the dual objective of justifying their rule to themselves and their subjects in a single and consistent language, the British needed to show that they had something to give to the Indians which the latter badly needed, were unable to acquire unaided and was so precious as to compensate for whatever economic and political price they were required to pay. The logic of justification required a perfect match between British gifts and Indian needs, the British strength and the Indian deficiency. Following the fashion of the time, the British wrapped their gifts in the language of civilisation, which had latterly replaced Christianity as the unifying principle in Europe, taken over its universalist and proselytising mission and built up an ambiguous and uneasy relationship with it. Although modern civilisation was a co-operative European product, the British role in its creation and dissemination was considerable. They were one of the first to industrialise themselves, more or less to recast their religion, ways of life and thought and major political, economic and other institutions in the light of the dominant liberal culture and to roam all over the world as if possessed by its inherently restless and universal spirit. They claimed to ‘represent’ or ‘embody’ it to a greater degree than any other country and saw themselves as its transcendentally or historically accredited ‘vehicle’. Since their civilisation had, in their view, attained the highest possible level of human existence and cultivated capacities which all men qua men ought to develop, they had no doubt that it was universally desirable. All societies had a common destiny and destination, namely to become civilised in the British way and were to achieve this destiny by the same route. Hence the more ‘advanced’ among them, that is, those whose journey had brought them closer to the universal destination, provided the models for and had the moral duty to guide those who had not yet started, become stuck, were proceeding in a wrong direction or at an extremely slow pace. The British could not show that they represented the highest level of civilisation without so defining it that it broadly corresponded to their own ways of life and thought. Like all ideological systems they abstracted, reified and absolutised the distinctive features of their ways of life and thought and presented them as a universal norm for evaluating all societies, including their own. Their facts became values for others, an illicit logical move lying at the heart of every ideology. Other societies were therefore always deficient whereas the British was necessarily more or less perfect. The British argued that they had brought to India the unique and most precious gift of civilisation. Since this civilisation was deemed to be universally desirable, India obviously needed it. All they had to do was show that India lacked it and was unable to acquire it unaided. Unlike some of the other British colonies, India had a well-developed literati tradition, a long history of civic life and considerable philosophical, artistic, scientific and other achievements. Since these were supposed to be some of the indices of civilisation, obviously it could not be contemptuously dismissed as uncivilised. Some British writers and leaders did so dismiss it; most, however, acknowledged its great achievements, but contended that they were all in the past and did not redeem its contemporary degeneration. Its social structure and practices were oppressive, unjust and sometimes inhuman; its religions were incomprehensible, replete with meaningless rituals, polytheist, lacking a single authoritative text, and not really religions in the ‘proper’ sense of the term; its modes of thought were ‘mystical and mythological’ and largely irrational; and its people were emotional, excitable, undisciplined, unambitious, lacking in self-control, unreliable and very like women and children. The British view of India did, of course, change over time, largely as a result of their increased knowledge of its past and the changes in their conceptions of themselves and the yardsticks they employed. Throughout their rule, however, they continued to think of it as neither wholly uncivilised nor fully civilised but ‘semi-civilised’ or ‘only half-civilised’, and of the Indians as a moderately talented people who needed to be disciplined, guided and trained in the ways of civilisation.

Q2. ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಗದ್ಯಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಮನಗಂಡು ಓದಿ, ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸರಳ, ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾಗಿ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ : (ಪ್ರತಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ 12 ಮಾರ್ಕ್; ಒಟ್ಟು 60) [ಗದ್ಯಭಾಗ – ಒಟ್ಟು ಮೂರು ಪುಟಗಳು]

Read the following prose passage carefully and, in your own words, answer the questions that follow:

पुढील उतारा काळजीपूर्वक वाचा आणि उताऱ्याच्या शेवटी दिलेल्या प्रश्नांची उत्तरे सुग्रथित, योग्य व संक्षिप्त भाषेत लिहा :

Write the one-word equivalent (precise term) for any FIVE of the following expressions:

Read the following passage carefully and answer, in your own words, the questions that follow.

Read the following passage carefully and answer, in coherent and correct Punjabi, the questions given below:

अधोलिखितं गद्यांशं सावधानं पठित्वा तत्सरस्यम् अंशः प्रदत्तानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि स्पष्टता-समस्तस्य शुद्धियुत्तया दीयताम् :

हेठि डिनल टुक्क ध्यान में पधो ऐं उन जे ठो लिखियल सुझावलनि जा जवाब सापू , सही ऐं जुच लफ्जनि में लिखो : 12×5 = 60

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below clearly, correctly and concisely. (12 × 5 = 60)

ఈ క్రింది గద్యభాగాన్ని శ్రద్ధగా చదివి, దిగువ ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు సరైన సమాధానాలను సుస్పష్టమైన, సరళమైన భాషలో వ్రాయండి : (12 × 5 = 60) [గద్యభాగం 361 పదాలు – పేజీల 2-3లో ముద్రితంగా ఉంది]

Read the following passage carefully and, in clear and concise Urdu, answer the questions given below. (12 × 5 = 60)

Write a summary (precis) of the following passage in your own words, reducing it to about one-third of its length. No title is required. (60 marks) [Passage in Bengali beginning with "এই উদ্ধৃতির সঙ্গে বোঝা দরকার, চিরী কোনও নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তিসম্প্রেষণে প্রতিও…"]

Write a précis of the following passage in your own words and give it a suitable title.

Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give or suggest a title to it. The précis should be written in your own words: The mad rat race among nations over the globe for development jeopardised the health of man itself. Progress in agriculture and industry is taken a general criterion of development of any country. This craze resulted into unlimited exploitation of every bit of natural resource. The splendid plentifulness of nature is a heritage that should be conserved for future generations and not be spoiled. Such activities of man had adverse effect on all forms of living organisms in the biosphere. The earth planet along with the atmosphere (air, land, water) that sustains life is called the biosphere. Biosphere extends into about 7 km of the earth surface itself, downward into the ocean to depths of about 10-67 km and vertically into the air to about 10 km, where life is found to exist. Unlimited exploitation of nature by man disturbed the delicate ecological balance between living and non-living component of the biosphere. The unfavorable conditions created by man himself threatened the survival not only of man himself but also other living organisms. The number of the species likely to become rare, threatened, endangered or near extinction in the Red Data Book of the IUCN is increasing with time. It is very common to find warnings at public places, reading as "Air unfit for breathing", "Water unfit for drinking", "Do not eat fish caught here" and so on. India today is one of the first ten industrialised countries of the world. Today we have a good industrial infrastructure in core industries like metals, chemicals, fertilisers, petroleum, food etc. What has come out of these? Pesticides, detergents, plastics, solvents, fuels, paints, dyes, food additives etc. are some examples. Due to progress in atomic energy, there has also been an increase in radioactivity in the biosphere. Besides these, there are a number of industrial effluents and emissions particularly poisonous gases in the atmosphere. Mining activities also added to this problem particularly as solid waste. Thus, pollution is a necessary evil of all development. Due to lack of development of a culture of pollution control, there has resulted a heavy backlog of gaseous, liquid and solid pollution in our country. It is to be cleaned. Thus pollution control in our country is a recent environmental concern. Not only in India, but in developed Western World also, pollution is a scare-word. Pollution is a man-made problem, mainly of effluent countries. The developed countries have been in a mad race to exploit every bit of natural resource to convert them into goods for their comfort, and to export them to needy developing world. In doing so, the industrialised countries dump lot of materials in their environment which becomes polluted. In one way pollution has been in fact "exported" to developing countries. What is pollution? Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create a potential health hazard of any living organism. Pollution is thus direct or indirect change in any component of the biosphere that is harmful to the living component(s), and in particular undesirable for man, affecting adversely the industrial progress, cultural and natural assets or general environment. What are pollutants? Any substance which causes pollution is called a pollutant. A pollutant may thus include any chemical or geochemical (dust, sediment, grit etc.) substance, biotic component or its product, or physical factor (heat) that is released intentionally by man into the environment in such a concentration that may have adverse harmful or unpleasant effects. A pollutant has also been defined as "any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to the environment". Pollutants are the residues of things we make, use and throw away. There are many sources of such pollutants. The lakes and rivers are polluted by wastes from chemical and other factories, and the air by gases of automobile exhausts, industries, thermal power plants etc. There has grown up a serious concern all over the world about the rivers turning murky, fish rotting on sea shores, trees withering, cities choking with foul air, toxic chemicals being cycled into food stuffs and disease epidemics appearing so frequently. (697 words approximately)

Q3. ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಗದ್ಯಖಂಡವನ್ನು ուշದಾಗಿ ಓದಿ. ಅದರ ಸಂಗತಿಯನ್ನು 300 ಪದಗಳ ಮಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ own summary (ಸಾರಾಂಶ) ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿ. (ಒಟ್ಟು 60 ಮಾರ್ಕ್) [ಗದ್ಯಖಂಡ – ಸುಮಾರು 351 ಪದಗಳು; ಪುಟ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 4-6]

Summarise the following prose passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give it a title. The summary should be written in your own words.

पुढील उताऱ्याचा अंदाजे एक-तृतीयांश शब्दांत सारांश लिहा. उताऱ्यात ग्रंथाळ देऊ नये. सारांश मराठीत लिहा.

Change the gender of any FIVE of the following words:

Write a précis of the following passage in Odia, reducing it to about one-third of its length (approximately 140 words) and give it an appropriate title.

Write the summary of the following passage in about one-third of its length (approximately 210-215 words). Do not give a title to the summary. Write the condensed version in your own words.

अधोलिखितगद्यांशस्य संक्षेपे मूलभावस्य तृतीयांशपरिमितः स्वशब्दैः संक्षेपः स्वयमेव लेखनीयः (श्लोकं वा न उद्धृतम्) ।

हेठि डिनल टुक्क जो साग अटिकल टुकं हिस्से जितिको लिखो. उन जो उन्वाअ लिखण जी जरूरत न आहे. साग अचन जे पन्धैंसी बोलियों में हुवणु तुहिंजे. (625 शब्द)

Summarise the following passage to one-third of its length in your own words. No title is necessary.

ఈ క్రింది గద్యభాగాన్ని మీ స్వంతమాటల్లో మూలం విత్త పందికొరకు కుదించండి, దీనికి సరైన శీర్షిక ఇవ్వండి : [గద్యభాగం – పేజీలు 4-5లో సుమారు 361 పదాలు.]

Write a précis, in Urdu, of the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. (60 marks)

Translate the following passage into ENGLISH: (20 marks) [Passage in Bengali about the contemporary relevance of cottage and small-scale industries, beginning with "কুটির শিল্প এবং ক্ষুদ্র শিল্পের মধ্যে আজ ভারতের আবার…" and ending with "ফলে সময় দেশে আজ কুটির শিল্পের প্রতি লক্ষ করা যাচ্ছে।"]

Write a composition on the following topic:

4.(a) Rewrite the following sentences after making necessary corrections. Do not make unnecessary changes in the original sentence: (i) Little learning is dangerous thing. (ii) You are requested to kindly grant me leave. (iii) Could you please advised me what I should do. (iv) I envied he his success. (v) If people feel good of coming to work, they will work better. (vi) How terribly sad? (vii) Spanish is more widely used outside of Europe. (Add a question tag) (viii) He played the piano one night in the village hall. (ix) Many a men has succumbed to this temptation. (x) If she gets the right grades, she'd go to university. 4.(b) Supply the missing words: (i) Don't walk ________ the grass. (ii) I lived in Uttarakhand ________ five years. (iii) He stood tall ________ all his friends in the college. (iv) The cat jumped ________ the well to escape from the dog. (v) She walked ________ the forest to reach her village. 4.(c) Use the correct form of the verb given in brackets: (i) Two plus two ________ four. (make) (ii) We need rain, the garden ________ so dry. (be) (iii) She ________ with a baby girl last week. (bless, passive voice) (iv) I just ________ even talking to him. (bear) (v) ________ you just shut up for a minute! (can) 4.(d) Write the antonyms of the following: (i) Optimist (ii) Gali (iii) Zest (iv) Profit (v) Quick

Translate the following Kannada prose passage into English: ಗುಡಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಣ್ಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಮಹತ್ವ ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಅಂತಹ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳ ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿರುವುದು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳು, ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬಂಡವಾಳ ಹೂಡಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕೃಷಿಾಧಾರಿತ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳು. ಈ ಮಾದರಿಯ ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಲೀಕರು ಹಾಗೂ ತಯಾರಕರು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರಿಗೆ ತಾವು ಜೀವನಾಧಾರವನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸುವ ಅವಕಾಶವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಆ ಮೂಲಕ ಉತ್ಸಾಹಭರಿತ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಯ ತತ್ವವನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಇದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಗಾಂಧಿಯವರು ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಾಮದ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲೇ ಭಾರತದಂತಹ ದೇಶದ ಅನೇಕ ಹಿತಾಸಕ್ತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಣ್ಣ ಗೃಹ-ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಕಾರಣಕಾರಿತ್ವವೆಂದು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಸಣ್ಣ ಉದ್ಯೋಗಾವಕಾಶಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವಾವಲಂಬಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಗೃಹ-ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಅವಲಂಬಿಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಈ ಮೂಲಕ ಸ್ವಾವಲಂಬ್ಯವನ್ನೇ ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಬೃಹತ್ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಡಚಣೆ ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೃಹತ್ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳು ಶ್ರಿಮಂತ ವರ್ಗದ ಬಾನಿಯ ಆಶ್ರಯವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಪ್ರಸಾರ, ಜನಸಾಮಾನ್ಯರಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾಗೃತಿ, ತಮ್ಮ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಬೆಳೆದಂತೆ, ನಿರ್ಧಾರಗಳ ಹಟ್ಟೋತ್ತರ ಇದು ಸಾಲ – ಇವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ತತ್ತ್ವವಾಗಿ ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ. ಹಿನ್ನಡೆಯಿಂದ ತೆಗೆದ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ಚಿಂತಕರು ಗಾಂಧೀ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಮರುವಿಚಾರಣೆಗೆ ಒಳಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇಷ್ಟು ಸಣ್ಣ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸದೇ ಇರುವುದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದ ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ ಪರಾಕ್ರಮಾತ್ಮಕ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಎಚ್ಚರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ, ದೇಶಾದ್ಯಂತವೂ ಗುಡಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳ ಜಾಲ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದೆ.

Translate the following prose passage into English:

पुढील उताऱ्याचे इंग्रजी भाषांतर करा :

Complete any FIVE of the following proverbs/phrases:

Translate the following passage into English.

Translate the following passage into English:

अधोलिखितगद्यांशस्य आङ्ग्लभाषायाः अनुवादः करणीयः ।

हेठि डिनल टुक्कर जो अंग्रेजी में तर्जुमो करयो :

ఈ క్రింది తెలుగు వచనాన్ని ఆంగ్లానికి అనువదించండి : [వచనం – పేజీ 6లో ముద్రితం]

Translate the following Urdu passage into English. (20 marks)

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following passage into BENGALI: (20 marks) "In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning."

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

5.(a) Rewrite the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning: (i) The mangoes are too cheap to be good. (Remove ‘too’) (ii) The French surrendered Quebec to the English in 1759. (Change the Voice) (iii) Mumbai is richer than most other cities in India. (Use superlative degree) (iv) What though we happen to be late? (Change to Assertive)

Translate the following passage into Gujarati: In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following English passage into Kannada: In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

पुढील उताऱ्याचे मराठीत भाषांतर करा :

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following passage into Odia: In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following passage into Punjabi: In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

अधस्तनगद्यांशस्य संस्कृतभाषानुवादः करणीयः ।

हेठि डिनल टुक्कर जो सिंधी में तर्जुमो करयो : (In our democratic system, the press has a vital role … to be followed by those involved in public functioning.)

In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following passage from English into Telugu: In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and efficient public servants and organizations, according special attention to developments in the remote and backward areas of our country. Our media is free and unfettered. It should be able to expose cases and incidents involving irregular and unlawful exercise of authority and abuses of all kinds. The existing ills in our socio-political environment will, on present reckoning, take considerable time to remedy. The Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms should focus on establishing institutions responsible for all personnel matters — appointments, postings, transfers etc. — without any external interference. Also, there is a need for adoption of a robust code of ethics to be followed by those involved in public functioning.

Translate the following English passage into Urdu. (20 marks) "In our democratic system, the press has a vital role. While there has been large-scale expansion of the print and visual media in recent years, a focused approach to dealing with major societal and political issues has still to evolve. There is, as yet, excessive and exaggerated coverage of exposures and scandals and far too little well-informed comment or analysis of the various deep-rooted factors which generate the continuing malaise. The media could make an extremely useful contribution by devoting adequate coverage to tasks well done, highlighting the achievements of honest and..."

(a) Use the following idioms/phrases in meaningful sentences of your own: 2 × 5 = 10 (i) আদি লোকে উঠি নষ্ট (ii) তেলো মাথায় তেল দেয়া (iii) ঠ্যাঙা বাঁছতে গাঁ উজাড় (iv) শাক দিয়ে মাছ ঢাকা (v) চোখে চোখে সামলাতে ভাই (b) Give the meanings of the following compound words along with their grammatical analysis: 2 × 5 = 10 (i) আকাশপ্রদীপ (ii) পঞ্চানন (iii) রক্তজ (iv) মিশকালো (v) ছেদনভূমি

Fill in the blanks as directed: 10×4 = 40

Answer the following as directed.

Answer the following language tasks as directed:

Answer the following questions as directed:

(a) पुढील वाक्प्रचारांचा/वचनांचा अर्थ सांगून यांचा वाक्यात उपयोग करा :

Answer the following questions:

निम्नलिखितेषु कार्याणि सम्पादनीयानि :

Answer the following as directed:

Answer the following as directed.

Write synonyms of the following words:

Write antonyms of the following words:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) Upholding a sustainable lifestyle and the environment (b) Mobile-phone addiction (c) Limitations of on-line education (d) Privacy: a conviction

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) OTT and the future of Multiplexes (b) Global warming in an unequal world (c) Social media and the marketing of the self (d) Happiness is a state of mind

નીચેના માંથી કોઈ એક વિષે 600 શબ્દોમાં નિબંધ લખો : (a) ઉપભોક્તાવાદી જીવનશૈલી અને પર્યાવરણ (b) મોબાઇલફોનની દુનિયા (c) ઑનલાઈન શિક્ષણની સવલતાઓ (d) આત્મનિર્ભરતા : એક પડકાર

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Consumerist lifestyle and the environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism: a challenge

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Increasing population and environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Modern sports and their challenges (d) Security lapse: an analysis

Choose ANY ONE of the following topics and write an essay of about 600 words in MALAYALAM script: (a) Consumer lifestyle and the environment (b) Growing dependence on mobile phones (c) The impact of online education (d) Coastal migration: a challenge

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

निम्नलिखित कुनै एउटा विषयबारे 600 शब्दमा निबन्ध लेख्नुहोस् : (a) उपभोक्तावादी जीवनशैली अनि पर्यावरण (b) मोबाइल फोनको लत (c) अनलाइन शिक्षाका सीमा (d) आतंकवाद : एक चुनौती

Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

Write an essay in SANSKRIT of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics:

பின்வருவன்களில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றை குறித்து 600 சொற்களில் கட்டுரை எழுதுக. (a) நுகர்வோரின் வாழ்க்கை முறையும் சுற்றுச் சூழலும் (b) அலைபேசிக் (Mobile Phone) அடிமையாதல் (c) இணையவழிக் கல்வியின் வருங்காலம் (d) பயங்கரவாதம் : ஒரு சவால்

ఈ క్రింది అంశాలలో ఏదైనా ఒకదానిని గురించిన సుమారు ఆరు వందల (600) పదాలలో వ్యాసరచన చేయండి :

Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Simple living and its benefits (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism – a curse

Read carefully the passage given below and answer, in brief and to the point, the questions that follow: [Passage in Assamese on the concepts of production, cost of production, labour inputs, rural employment, gender composition of workers, and national income accounting – approximately 473 words] (a) What is the total annual value of production? (b) Define the term ‘cost of production’. (c) What is the nature of India’s natural resources? (d) Why is the share of women workers said to be low? (e) Relate the size of India’s labour force to the total population.

Read the following passage carefully and, in brief and correct language, answer the questions given below:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the five questions that follow (12 × 5 = 60).

Read carefully the passage given below and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language: It must be emphasised that rights have corresponding duties as well as obligations. The two are correlated. Rights and duties of citizens are two sides of the same coin. The relationship between them is two-fold. Firstly, society functions on the principles of reciprocity. My rights involve a duty, on the part of others to respect my rights and also a duty on my part to respect the similar rights of others. Society works on the principle of, "he who takes gives and he who gives takes". Indeed, my right is a part and parcel of the good of other members of society and, therefore, the degree of my enjoyment of a particular right has to be conceived in terms of the similar claims of other citizens. My right is integrally related to the rights of my fellow human beings. The one cannot exist without the other. A society in which people care less for their own duties and more for their rights, sooner or later, disintegrates. In their frantic effort for the vindication of their own rights at the expense of fellow human beings, society will be reduced to the status of a jungle in which ultimately the law of might will prevail. In order that everyone enjoys his or her rights it is necessary that we recognise our obligations towards others. We cannot say that we shall be free while others will be bound with their obligations. Such a position is quite untenable and inhuman. Secondly, the logic of rights and duties also implies that if we have certain claims against the state, it is also our responsibility to contribute something towards its enrichment by doing a socially useful work. The state creates those conditions in which we can realise ourselves. In return for this, it is our duty to take advantage of these conditions and give our best to it. The best way in which we can contribute to the social stock is by following duties towards our nation, in recognising our social responsibilities and unscrupulously respecting the similar rights of others. One does not contribute only by being a son of a prime minister or a poet but by being oneself. I may not succeed in my life, but if I have given sufficient indications of sincere efforts to make such contribution, as I am capable of, my job is done. It is a duty of every one of us that we must develop our personality so as to be able to contribute our best to society. A citizen should make available valuable judgement on the various issues confronting it. One must pay one's taxes to the state and must refrain from interfering with the similar rights of other members of society. So long as the state helps in fostering a climate conducive to happiness of the individuals, the citizens must also help it in maintaining law and order and must honestly perform their public duties. They should leave no stone unturned for strengthening their own country and if need arises must be prepared to defend it at any cost. These obligations by being reciprocal in character do not impose restrictions on the rights of individuals; rather, they give them fuller and greater reality. To think that my rights can be separated from my duties is to be guilty of gross selfishness. It is only by performing a useful function in society that we contribute towards its enrichment. A state in which citizens care more about their rights, and less about their duties remains in a precarious situation. It would lead first to anarchy and then to its disintegration. In order to preserve my right it is necessary that I must convince my fellow human beings that in granting such a right they would be enabling me to participate in the good of society. I must show, that so far as the society does not secure me this right, it derogates me from the status of a human being and my capacity to make my contribution to social welfare. It is only in the apprehension of this equation between individual's functions and social well-being by the members of society that a true theory of rights can be constructed and society can be built on stable foundations.

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડ ધ્યાનપૂર્વક વાંચી તેને અને આપવામાં આવેલા પ્રશ્નોના સ્પષ્ટ, સચોટ અને સંક્ષિપ્ત ઉત્તર તમારી ભાષામાં લખો : (ગદ્યખંડ – અંદાજે 750 શબ્દો) (a) શ્રમિક કોને કહેવાય છે ? (b) કુલ સ્થાનિક ઉત્પાદનમાં અર્થ શું ? (c) ભારતમાં રોજગારીની સ્થિતિ કેવી છે ? (d) કઈ ક્ષેત્રોમાં સમયસર શ્રમિકોને કામમાં લેવામાં આવતો નથી ? (e) ભારતમાં શ્રમિક સંસ્થાઓની ટકાવારી કેટલી છે ?

Read the following passage carefully and, on its basis, answer the questions given below in clear, correct and concise language. (12 × 5 = 60) Passage: When a farmer works in the fields, he produces raw material for food as well as for industry. Cotton, for example, takes the form of cloth in textile mills, and transport carries goods from one place to another. We know that the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year is called its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We receive money for exports and pay money for imports; the net earnings from this may be positive, negative, or zero. By adding these net earnings we obtain the country’s GDP for that year. All activities that contribute to the national product are called economic activities. All persons engaged in economic activities, whether at a high or a low level, are called workers. Even if some of them fail to work temporarily owing to illness, compulsion, bad weather or social–religious festivals, they are still regarded as workers. Those who help the principal workers are also treated as workers. Generally we think that only those who are paid by an employer are workers, but that is not so; the self-employed are workers as well. Employment in India is of many kinds. Some people find work throughout the year; others get work only for a few months. Most labourers do not receive the proper wages for the work they do. While estimating the number of workers we include, under the category of employed persons, all those engaged in economic activity at any time. In 2011-12 the size of India’s labour force was estimated at about 473 million. Because most of the population lives in rural areas, the proportion of rural labourers is higher than that of urban labourers; of those 473 million workers three-quarters were rural. Men predominate in India’s labour force. In rural areas women constitute one-third of all workers, whereas in towns only 20 percent of women participate. Women cook food, fetch water, plaster mud floors and also work in the fields, but they do not receive wages in cash or grain; in many cases they receive nothing at all. For this reason they are not counted among the workers, although economists insist that these women too should be recognised as workers.

Read the following prose passage carefully and answer the questions that follow in simple, clear and concise Kannada. (The prose passage in original Kannada spans pages 2-3.)

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, giving brief and precise answers in your own words. (12 × 5 = 60).

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई ध्यानपूर्वक पढी त्यसका आधारमा तल दिइएका प्रश्नका उत्तर स्पष्ट, संक्षिप्त अनि सहज भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् : जब एक किसान खेतमा काम गर्दैछ तब उसले खाद्यान्न अनि उद्योगको निम्ति कच्चा पदार्थ उत्पादन गर्छ । कपासले नै कपडा बनाउछ, विद्युत्भित्रका उपकरण रूप धारण गर्छ । गाडीले सामानलाई एउटा ठाँउबाट अर्को ठाँउम्म पुर्याउँछ । कुनै देशमा एक वर्षभित्र उत्पादन भएका सबै वस्तु अनि सेवाको जम्मा मूल्य नै त्यस देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन हुन्छ भने हामीलाई ज्ञात छ । हामीलाई निर्यात गर्दा आय प्राप्त हुन्छ अनि आयात गर्दा व्यय गर्नु पर्छ । समयमा हामी देख्छौं कुनै आम्दानी सकारात्मक हुनसक्छ अथवा नकारात्मक हुनसक्छ वा शून्य हुनसक्छ । प्राप्त आम्दानीहरू जोड गर्दा हामीलाई यस वर्षको नितान्त देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन प्राप्त हुन्छ । कुल राष्ट्रिय उत्पादनमा योगदान पुर्याउने सबै क्रियाकलापलाई हामी आर्थिक क्रिया भन्छौं । ती सबै व्यक्ति जो उच्च अथवा निम्न कुनै पनि तहमा काम गरी आर्थिक क्रियामा संलग्न रहन्छन् तिनीहरूलाई श्रमिक भन्छौं । यदि कुनै व्यक्ति बिरामी, धापसी, प्रतिकूल मौसम, लम्बोर अथवा सामाजिक-धार्मिक उत्सवका कारण अस्थायी रूपमा काममा नआउन सके तापनि तिनलाई श्रमिक नै मानिन्छ । यदि काममा लाग्ने मुख्य श्रमिकलाई सहायता गर्नेहरूलाई पनि हामी श्रमिक नै मान्दछौं । सामान्यतया हामी यस्तो सोच्दछौं कि जसलाई काम गरेको सट्टा रोजगारीदाताले केही भुक्तानी गर्छ, तिनलाई श्रमिक भन्छौँ । तर वास्तवमा होइन; स्वरोजगार व्यक्ति पनि श्रमिक नै हुन्छन् । भारतमा रोजगारको प्रकृति बहुआयामिक छ । केही मानिसलाई वर्षैभरि रोजगार प्राप्त हुन्छ भने केहीलाई वर्षमा केही महिना मात्र रोजगार पाइन्छ । आधिकारिक अनुमानअनुसार आर्थिक वर्ष 2011–12 मा भारतको मोटा श्रमशक्तिको आकार लगभग 473 मिलियन थियो । किनकि देशका अधिकाँश मानिस ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा बस्दछन्, त्यसैले ग्रामीण श्रमिकको अनुपात सहरी श्रमिकभन्दा बढी छ । यी 473 मिलियन श्रमिकमध्ये तीन चौथाई ग्रामीण श्रमिक हुन् । भारतको श्रमशक्तिमा पुरुषहरूको बहुलता छ । ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा महिला श्रमिक मोटा श्रमशक्तिको एक-तिहाइ हुन्, भने सहरी क्षेत्रमा केवल 20 प्रतिशत महिला श्रमशक्तिमा योगदानकारी छन् । स्त्रीहरू खाना बनाउने, पानी ल्याउने, इन्धन बटुल्ने साथै खेतमा समेत काम गर्छन् । उनीहरूलाई नगद भुक्तानी अथवा अकस्मात् ज्याला प्राप्त हुँदैन । कतिपय अवस्थामा त केही पनि भुक्तानी गर्दैनन् । यस्तै महिलाहरूलाई श्रमिक सङ्ख्यामा समावेश गरिन्छ । यी महिलालाई पनि श्रमिक नै मान्नु पर्दछ भन्ने अर्थशास्त्रीहरूको आक्षेप छ ।

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, in simple and correct Punjabi:

Carefully read the following passage and, in clear and grammatical Sanskrit, answer the questions given below in the order asked.

பின்வரும் பகுதியைக் கவனமாகப் படித்து, அதன் இறுதியில் தரப்பட்டுள்ள வினாக்களுக்கு தெளிவாகவும் சரியாகவும் சுருக்கமாகவும் விடை எழுதுக. 12×5 = 60 ஒரு விவசாயி வயல்களில் வேலை செய்யும் போது, அவர் உணவுத் தானியங்களையும் தொழிற்சாலைகளுக்குத் தேவையான மூலப் பொருட்களையும் உற்பத்தி செய்கிறார். கஞ்சிகள் மற்றும் விசைத்தறிகள் மூலம் நூலிழைகள் துணிகளின் வடிவம் பெறுகின்றன. வாகனங்கள் ஒரு பொருளை ஒரு இடத்திலிருந்து இன்னொரு இடத்திற்குக் கொண்டு செல்கின்றன. பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளின் மொத்த மதிப்பினை நாம் அறிகிறோம். ஒரு ஆண்டில் நாட்டின் எல்லாவற்றையும் உற்பத்தி செய்த தொகுப்பை ‘மொத்த உற்பத்தி’ (Gross Domestic Product) எனக் கூறுகிறோம். நாம் ஏற்றுமதிகளுக்காக வெளிநாடுகளிடமிருந்து பணம் பெறுகின்றோம்; இறக்குமதிகளுக்காக பணம் செலுத்துகின்றோம். இந்த நிலை சாதகமாகவோ எதிர்மறையாகவோ சமநிலையாகவோ இருக்கலாம். மொத்த தேசிய உற்பத்திக்குப் பங்களிக்கும் செயல்பாடுகள் அனைத்தையும் ‘பொருளாதார நடவடிக்கைகள்’ என்று அழைக்கிறோம். இந்நிகழ்வுகளில் ஈடுபடும் அனைவரும் – அவர்கள் அலுவலக அதிகாரிகளாக இருக்கலாம், விவசாயிகளாக இருக்கலாம், தொழிற்சாலைக் கூலிகளாக இருக்கலாம் – ‘தொழிலாளர்கள்’ எனக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர். அவர்களில் சிலர் முழுநேரம் பணிபுரிப்பவர்கள்; சிலர் பகுதி நேரம் மட்டுமே வேலை செய்பவர்கள்; சிலர் தங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் வேலையை மட்டும் செய்து திரிகிறவர்கள். இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை பல பரிமாணங்கள் கொண்டது. சிலருக்கு ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வேலை கிடைக்கிறது; சிலருக்கு சில மாதங்கள் மட்டுமே; சிலருக்கு சில நாட்கள் மட்டுமே. பெரும்பாலான தொழிலர்களுக்கு உழைப்புக்குத் தகுதியான ஊதியம் கிடைப்பதில்லை. வீட்டுப்பணியில் ஈடுபடும் பெண்கள், குடும்ப உதவியாளர்கள், முற்றிலும் பணம் பெறாதவகை செய்பவர்கள் ஆகியோர் பெரும்பாலும் தொழிலாளர் கணக்கில் சேர்க்கப்படுவதில்லை. மக்கள்தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி 2011-12 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய தொழிலாளர்கள் சுமார் 473 மில்லியன் பேர். அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோ கிராமப்புறங்களில் வாழ்பவர்கள். வினாக்கள்: (a) தொழிலாளர் யார்? (b) மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி என்றால் என்ன? (c) இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை யாது? (d) எந்தப் பெண்களைத் தொழிலாளர்களாகக் கருதவில்லை? (e) இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் தொழிலாளர்களின் விகிதம் யாது?

ఈ క్రింది గద్య భాగాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా చదివి, దిగువ ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు సరైన సమాధానాలను స్వచ్చంగా వ్రాయండి (Passage provided in the paper).

Read the following passage carefully and, on the basis of its contents, answer the questions given below briefly and correctly.

Write a précis of the following passage in one-third of its length. No title is required. Use your own words. [Passage in Assamese of roughly 436 words on the ideas of ‘truth’ and ‘completeness’, human knowledge, scientific progress, and the cultural significance of honesty.]

Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, in about one-third of its length. No title is required.

Prepare a précis of the following passage and supply a suitable title.

Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give a title to it. The précis should be written in your own words: Like all the sins except pride, anger is perversion, caused by pride, of something in our nature which in itself is innocent, necessary to our own existence and good. Thus, while everyone is proud in the same way; each of us is angry or lustful or envious in his own way. Natural, or innocent, anger is the necessary reaction of a creature when its survival is threatened by the attack of another creature and it cannot save itself (or its offspring) by flight. Such anger, accompanied by physiological changes, like increased secretion of adrenalin, inhibits fear so that the attacked creature is able to resist the threat to its extinction. In the case of young creatures that are not capable of looking after themselves, anger is a necessary emotion when their needs are neglected: a hungry baby does right to scream. Natural anger is a reflex reaction, not a voluntary one; it is a response to a real situation of threat and danger, and as soon as the threat is removed, the anger subsides. No animal lets the sun go down upon its wrath. Anger, even when it is sinful, has one virtue; it overcomes sloth. Anybody, like a schoolmaster, a stage director or an orchestral conductor, whose business it is to teach others to do something, knows that, on occasions, the quickest — perhaps the only — way to get those under him to do their best is to make them angry. Anger as a sin is either futile (the situation in which one finds oneself cannot or should not be changed, but must be accepted) or unnecessary (the situation could be mastered as well or better without it). Man is potentially capable of the sin of anger because he is endowed with memory — the experience of an event persists — and with the faculty of symbolization (to him, no object or event is simply itself). He becomes actually guilty of anger because he is first of all guilty of the sin of pride, of which anger is one of many possible manifestations. Because every human being sees the world from a unique perspective, he can, and does, choose to regard himself as its centre. The sin of anger is one of our reactions to any threat, not to our existence, but to our fancy that our existence is more important than the existence of anybody or anything else. None of us wishes to be omnipotent, because the desires of each are limited. We are glad that other things and people exist with their own ways of behaving — life would be very dull if they didn't — so long as they do not thwart our own. Similarly, we do not want others to conform with our wishes because they must — life would be very lonely if they did — but because they choose to; we want ‘devoted’ slaves. The middle class culture in which I grew up strongly discouraged overt physical expression of anger; it was far more permissive, for example, towards gluttony, lust and avarice. In consequence, I cannot now remember ‘losing’ my temper so that I was beside myself and barely knew what I was doing. Since childhood, at least, I have never physically assaulted anyone, thrown things or chewed the carpet. (I do, now and again, slam doors.) Nor have I often seen other people do these things. In considering anger, therefore, most of my facts are derived from introspection and may not be valid for others, or from literature, in which human has to be subordinated to dramatic effect. In my own case — I must leave the psychological explanation to professionals — my anger is more easily aroused by things and impersonal events than by other people. I don't, I believe, expect others to do what I wish and am seldom angry when they don't. I do not mind losing at cards if the other players are more skilful than I; but, if I cannot help losing because I have been dealt a poor hand, I get furious. If traffic lights fail to change obligingly to red when I wish to cross the road, I am angry; if I enter a restaurant and it is crowded, I am angry. My anger, that is to say, is most easily aroused by a situation which is (a) not to my liking, (b) one I know I cannot change and (c) one for which I can hold no human individual responsible. This last condition is the most decisive. I like others to be on time and hate to be kept waiting, but if someone deliberately keeps me waiting because, say, he is annoyed with me or wishes to impress me with his importance, I am far less angry than I am if I know him to be unpunctual by nature. In the first case, I feel I must be partly responsible — if I had behaved otherwise in the past, he would not have kept me waiting; and I feel hopeful — perhaps I can act in the future in such a way that our relationship will change and he will be punctual next time. In the second case, I know that it is in his nature to be late for others, irrespective of their relationship, so that, in order to be on time, he would have to become another person.

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનું સંક્ષેપીકરણ લખો – મૂળ ગદ્યખંડનાં લગભગ એક‐તૃતિયાંશ શબ્દોમાં, તમારા શબ્દોમાં; શીર્ષક આપવાની જરૂર નથી.

Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, compressing it to about one-third of its length. No title is required. (60 marks) Passage: Among the words that come to mind most quickly and are used most often are two – “civilization” and “culture”. Imagine the time when human society had not yet discovered fire! Today every household has a stove burning. The man who first discovered fire must have been a very great inventor. Or imagine the time when mankind did not know the wheel. The person who shaped a piece of iron into a wheel must also have been a great inventor. Consider these two examples. In the first there are two elements: first, the particular man had the ability to discover fire and, second, the discovery of fire itself. In the second example, likewise, one person had the capacity to invent the wheel and, secondly, there was the invention itself. The ability, tendency and inspiration that produced the discovery are what we call civilization, and the tangible manifestation that results from it is culture. A cultured person discovers something new, but his descendants obtain that discovery effortlessly from their forefathers. The person whose intellect shows him a new path is the truly cultured man; his descendants, who inherit the discovery ready-made, may also be called cultured, but not in the original sense. Take a modern example: Newton discovered the law of gravitation; he was a cultured human being. A student of modern physics knows that law and much besides, yet we cannot call him more cultured than Newton. Hunger was probably the chief inspiration behind the discovery of fire, and the urge to escape cold and adorn the body behind the invention of cloth. Now imagine the man whose belly is full, whose body is clothed, but who, lying beneath the open sky at night, gazes at the stars and becomes restless to know why this earth is in the end so lonely. A full stomach and warm clothes do not give birth to such a mind: culture never sits upon a satisfied body. Much of our culture has come from those whose earnings were governed by purely physical considerations, but some part has also been given to us by thinkers who, without material compulsion, were driven by an inner sense of wonder. Perhaps it was the same wonder that urged the sage who lay awake at night watching the stars to write the first book of astronomy that has reached us today.

Prepare a precis of the following passage, reducing it to roughly one-third of its length and give it an appropriate title. (Original Kannada passage covers pages 4-5.)

Summarise the following prose passage in your own words, give a suitable title, and present the summary in your own language.

Write a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title.

निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदको सारांश लगभग एक-तिहाइ शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् । यसको शीर्षक लेख्न आवश्यक छैन । सारांश आफ्नै शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् : जुन शब्दको अर्थ चारै बुद्धिद्वारा उपयोग पनि धेरै मानामा हुन्छ, त्यस्ता दुईटा शब्द हुन् – सभ्यता र संस्कृति । त्यस समयलाई कल्पना गर्नुहोस् जब मानव समाजले अति देवताको साक्षात्कार गरेको थिएन । आज घर-घरमा ठूलो बत्ती जलेको छ । जुन व्यक्तिले पहिलो आगोको आविष्कार गरेको होला, त्यो कति ठूलो आविष्कार होला । अथवा कल्पना गर्नुहोस् त्यस समयलाई जब मानिस गुफा-धामेसँग परिचित थिएन । जुन व्यक्तिले एउटा फलामको टुक्रालाई टिकाएको रूप दियो होला, त्यो व्यक्ति कति ठूलो आविष्कारक थियो होला । यी दुवै उदाहरणलाई विचार गर्नुहोस्; पहिलो उदाहरणसँग दुइटा विषय छन् : पहिलो, एउटा व्यक्ति विशेषमा आगो बनाउने शक्ति-सामर्थ्य छ अनि दोस्रो, आगोको आविष्कार । सियो-धागोको उदाहरणमा पनि यस्तो कुरा छ; पहिलो सियो-धागो आविष्कार गर्ने शक्ति र दोस्रो भयो सियो-धागोको आविष्कार । जुन योग्यता, प्रवृत्ति अथवा प्रेरणाले आगो र सियो-धागोको आविष्कार गरायो, त्यो नै व्यक्ति विशेषको ‘संस्कृति’ हो; र जब संस्कृतिद्वारा नै भएको त्यो आविष्कार सभ्यतामा परिणत हुन्छ, त्यसको नाम हो ‘सभ्यता’ । एक जना सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति हुने बित्तिकै नयाँ विषयको खोज गर्छ; उसका सन्तानले ती खोज पूर्ववत् सहजै पाउँछन् । सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति बुद्धि अथवा विवेकवान् हुन्छ; ऊ नयाँ तथ्यको अध्ययन गर्छ । उसका सन्तानले पनि ती वस्तुहरू पाउँछन् । उनीहरू पूर्ववर्ती भए पनि सु-संस्कृत कहलिन्छन् । आधुनिक उदाहरण हेरौं : न्यूटनले गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तको आविष्कार गरे । उनी सु-संस्कृत मान्छे थिए । आजका भौतिक-विज्ञानका विद्यार्थी गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तसँग परिचित छन्, तर उनीहरूले अन्य धेरै विषयको ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेका छन्, जसबाट सम्भवत: न्यूटन अछूतो नै रहेकथिए । यसरी पनि आजका विद्यार्थीहरू न्यूटनभन्दा सभ्य बन्न सक्छन्, तर न्यूटन जतिको सु-संस्कृत बन्न सक्दैनन् । आगोलाई आविष्कार गर्नुको कारण मानवको थियो । सियो-धागोको आविष्कार पनि सायद शीतोष्णताबाट जोगिन तथा शारीरिक सजावट प्रकृतिले प्रेरित भएर भयो । कल्पना गर्नुहोस्: त्यो व्यक्ति जसको भुँडी भरिएको छ, जसको शरीर ढाकिएको छ; तर जब खुला आकाशमुनि ताराहरू टल्किरहेकाछन्, उसको निद्रा त पक्कै भाग्छ, किनकि ती तारालाई बुझ्न उसले विचार गर्नुपर्छ । भुँडी भराउनु र शरीर ढाक्नु मुख्यत: संस्कृति जन्मने आधार हो । तर यो मान्छे यदि सु-संस्कृत छ भने अझै अगाडि बढ्नेछ । अहिलेको सभ्यताका केही अंश हामीलाई त्यस्ता ऋषिमुनिबाट प्राप्त भएका छन्, जसले भौतिक प्रेरणाभन्दा पर जान प्रेरणा दिए । रातका तारा हेरिरहनु भएका ऋषिमुनि हाम्रा आजका ज्ञानका प्रथम प्रतिपादक थिए । (४३५ शब्द)

Write a precis of the following prose passage in roughly ONE-THIRD of its length. A title is not necessary. Write the precis in your own words:

Summarise the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. Write the summary in Sanskrit.

கீழ்க்காணும் பகுதியை அதன் அளவில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பங்கு அளவில் சுருக்கி, உங்கள் சொந்த நடையில் எழுதுக. தலைப்புக் தேவையில்லை. (60 மதிப்பெண்கள்) நாகரம், பண்டைய ஆசிய இரண்டே சொற்களும் அதிகம் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடிய சொற்களாக இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் அவை மிகவும் குறைவாகவே புரிந்து-கொள்ளப்பட்ட சொற்களாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. மனித சமுதாயம் நெருப்பைப் பற்றி அறியாத காலத்தை நினைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இன்று ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் சமையறையில் நெருப்பைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். முதன் முதலில் நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த மனிதன் ஒரு சிறந்த கண்டுபிடிப்பாளராக இருந்திருக்க வேண்டும். மனிதனுக்கு ஊசி மற்றும் நூல் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படாத காலத்தை கற்பனை செய்து பாருங்கள். இன்பம், துணி — அனைத்தும் ஊசியின் வழி வந்தவை. இந்த இரண்டு ஊடகங்களைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். முதல் ஊடகத்தில் இரண்டு செயல்கள் உள்ளன: (1) நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த ஒரு குறித்த மனிதனின் சக்தி, (2) நெருப்பின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு. அதுபோல் இரண்டாவது ஊடகத்தில் ஊசி-நூல் ஆகியவை உள்ளன. நெருப்பும் ஊசியும் மனிதச் செவ்வியத்தை மாற்றிய முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள். பட்டயத்தின் பின்னணியில் ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த நாட்டின் திறன், போக்கு, உத்தேவக உச்சரிப்பு ஆகியவை உள்ளன. அவற்றின் கூட்டு விளைவாக உருவாகும் அமைப்பே ‘நாகரம்’ என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. பண்புடை மனிதன் புதிதாக ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பான். ஆனால் அவனது வழிமுறை அந்தக் கண்டுபிடிப்பை முன்னோர்களிடமிருந்து விரிவெயர்த்துப் பெறுவதற்காக உதவுகிறது. புதிதாய்த் தோன்றும் விசித்திரம் யார் ஒருவருக்கு சில புதிய உண்டாயங்களை அளிக்கக்கூடும். இன்றைய மாணவர் ஒரு நுட்பத்தை எடுத்துக் கொள்ளலாம். நுட்பத்தின் புதுப்பிப்பு கொள்கையை அவர் கண்டு பிடிக்கிறார். அவர் பணப்பட்ட மனிதராக இருக்கலாம். ஆனால் இயற்கை மாணவர் அதையும் கடந்துச் செல்லும் திறன் கொண்டவனாக இருக்கலாம். நெருப்புக் கண்டுபிடிப்புக்குப் பின் உலகம் புதிய கட்டத்தை அடைந்தது. அதைப் போல் ஊசி-நூல் கண்டுபிடிப்பும் மனித நாகரிகத்தை மாற்றிய இன்னொரு முக்கியமான படி.

ఈ క్రింది ప్రసంగ విభాగాన్ని మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో మూడో వంతు పరిమాణానికి సంక్షిప్త పలుకరించండి. సంక్షిప్త రచనను మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో తయారుచేయండి :

Write a concise speech in your own words (in Urdu) based on the following passage. You do not have to assign any title.

Translate the following Assamese passage into English: “সময় অমূল্য। প্ৰকৃততে এই পৃথিৱীৰ সময় একমাত্ৰ অনবৰ্ত্বৱ স্তৱ, যি সীমিত। যদি আপুনি সম্পদ হেৰুৱাই তেতিয়াও তাক পুনৰ অৰ্জন কৰিব পাৰিব। ঘড়ি হেৰোৱাল তাকক উদ্ধাৰ পাব পাৰি। যদি আপুনি সময় হেৰুৱাই তাক পুনৰধাৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টাও কৰিব নোৱাৰি ...”

Translate the following Bengali passage into English.

Develop the following idea/quotation into a composition.

Answer the following:

નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનો અંગ્રેજીમાં અનુવાદ કરો :

Translate the following passage into English: (20 marks)

Translate the given Kannada passage into English. (Passage provided on page 6.)

Translate the following prose passage into English. [250 words]

Translate the following Manipuri passage into English:

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई अंग्रेजीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् : समय अमूल्य छ । वास्तवमा समय नै संसारको एक मात्र सीमित वस्तु हो । यदि तपाईंले सम्पत्ति गुमाउनुभयो भने पनि फेरि कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । घर गुमाउनुभयो भने फेरि पाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि समय गुमाउनुभयो भने तपाईंलाई त्यो समय दोहोर्याएर प्राप्त हुन सक्दैन । यदि हामी जीवनमा केही गर्न, केही बन्नु, केही पाउन चाहन्छौँ भने हामीले समयको सर्वोत्तम उपयोग गर्नु नितान्त अनिवार्य छ । हामी जुन उपलब्धि पाउन चाहन्छौँ ती सबै समयको सदुपयोग गरेर हामी प्राप्त गर्न सक्छौँ । भनिएको छ — “समय नै धन हो” । यद्यपि यो भनाइ पूर्ण रूपमा सत्य होइन । सत्य त यही हो कि समय केवल सम्भावित धन हो । यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समयको सदुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने तपाईंले धन कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समय दुरुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने धन कमाउने सम्भावना हराउँछ । जब तपाईं समयको उपयोगमा सतर्क बन्नुहुन्छ तब समय बर्बाद पनि हुँदैन । तपाईं आफ्नो समयलाई राम्रो उपयोग गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । तपाईं थोरै समयमा धेरै काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । यदि तपाईं वर्तमान समय व्यवस्थापन गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने तपाईंले चेतन मन मात्र नभएर अवचेतन मनको पनि उपयोग गर्नुहोस् । यसले तपाईंलाई यस्ता नयाँ-नयाँ तरिका देखाउँछ, जसको कारण तपाईं थोरै समयमा अधिक काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न सफल हुनुहुन्छ ।

Translate the following passage into ENGLISH:

Translate the following Sanskrit passage into English, giving reasons for your renderings.

Translate the following passage into English:

Translate the following passage into English: காலம் விலை மதிப்பற்றது. உண்மையில் உலகில் காலம் மட்டுமே வணகுறப்படாததாகும். செலவதற்க இன்றால் மீண்டும் சம்பாதித்து கொள்ளலாம். வீட்டை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெறலாம். ஆனால் நேரத்தை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெற முடியாது. நாம் வாழ்க்கையில் ஏதாவது செய்ய விரும்பினால், எதையாவது சாதிக்க விரும்பினால் நேரத்தை சிறந்த முறையில் பயன்படுத்திக் கற்றுக் கொள்வது அவசியமாகும். நேரத்தை சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் நாம் அதை விரும்பும் அனைத்தையும் அடைய முடியும். "நேரம் பணம்" என்று கூறப்படுகிறது. ஆனால் இந்தக் கூற்று முற்றிலும் உண்மையானதல்ல. உண்மையில் நேரம் மட்டுமே சாத்தியமான செலவாகும். நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால் மட்டுமே செலவுகளைச் சம்பாதிக்கவும் சேமிக்கவும் முடியும். மறுபடியும் நீங்கள் உங்கள் நேரத்தை தவறாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால், நீங்கள் செலவுகளைச் சேமிக்கும் – சம்பாதிக்கும் வாய்ப்பை இழக்கிறீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதில் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருந்தால், நீங்கள் நேரத்தை வீணடிப்பதை நிறுத்தி விடுவீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சிறப்பாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள்; குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள். நீங்கள் உண்மையிலேயே நேரத்தை முழுமையாகச் சேர்த்துச் செலவழிக்க விரும்பினால், உங்கள் நல்ல மனதை மட்டுமல்ல நல்லிணை மனத்தையும் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். அது மட்டுமே குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளை கண்டுபிடிப்பதில் நீங்கள் வெற்றிபெறக்கூடிய புதிய வழியினை உங்களுக்கு சொல்வும்.

ఈ క్రింది తెలుగు వచనాన్ని ఆంగ్లంలోకి అనువదించండి :

Translate the following paragraph into English.

Translate the following English passage into Assamese: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly …”

Translate the following English passage into Bengali:

Translate the following passage into Bodo: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Rewrite the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning:

नિમ્નलिखित ગદ્અંશનો गुजरातीમાં અનુવાદ કરો : We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Hindi: (20 marks) We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Kannada: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga ? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Malayalam: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Translate the following passage into Manipuri: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Nepali: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Odia: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Translate the following passage into PUNJABI:

Translate the following English passage into Sanskrit, giving reasons for your renderings: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.”

Translate the following passage into Sindhi: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Tamil: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage from English into Telugu: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.

Translate the following passage into Urdu: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."

Answer all of the following sub-parts. Each sub-part carries 10 marks (5 items × 2 marks each).

Answer any FOUR of the following as directed (fill-in-the-blanks, one-word substitution, antonyms, translation etc.). (10 × 4 = 40)

Q6. (a) નીચેનાં મુહાવરાઓનો અર્થ આપો અને વાક્યમાં પ્રયોગ કરો : (i) આજની દળ અને કાલનો હડસો (ii) ઊભે પગે રહેવું (iii) ઇડરિયો ગળ ઝીલવો (iv) ઓળખનું ચોક કરવું (v) યમણી જળ હોવી (b) શબ્દસમૂહ માટે એક શબ્દલેખો : (i) પાપના નિવારણ માટેનું તપ (ii) હૃદય ભેદાનુ આચાર (iii) કાળો-અફળાનું પીણું (iv) આરંભ અને मंगलવાચક શબ્દ (v) પાણી ચાવી શકાય તેવી સાંકડોસરસ્તી

Explain the meanings of the following idioms and use each of them in sentences: 2 × 5 = 10

Answer the following as instructed:

Answer the following as directed: (a) Use the following idioms/phrases appropriately in sentences (any five): 2×5 = 10 (i) പടിയിറക്കുക (ii) അടിപൊക്കുക (iii) വിടപറക്കുക (iv) പാട്ടുപാടി (v) ഇടയ്ക്ക് തുപ്പുക (b) Rewrite the following expressions in the negative form: 2×5 = 10 (i) പറഞ്ഞില്ല (ii) അത്താഴകം (iii) വെണ്ണീരി (iv) വെയ്യുണ്ട് (v) വിചക്കാട് (c) Write suitable synonyms for the following: 2×5 = 10 (i) കണ്ണുനിറച്ച് (ii) ജന്മോഴികൾ (iii) മാതാവിതങ്ങൾ (iv) സങ്കടടുബം (v) പഞ്ചപാണ്ഡവർ (d) Give the correct verbal forms of the following words in proper sentences: 2×5 = 10 (i) ശ്രാദ്ധികണം (ii) മായ്നി (iii) പ്രഭർത്തിക്കുക (iv) അനുസൂയനം (v) അഭിപ്രായനം

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Q6. (a) (i) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको समि-विच्छेद गर्नुहोस् : विद्यालय; महोत्सव; सेवक; इत्यादि; उच्चारण; परमार्थ; देवेन्द्र (ii) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दका दुई-दुईवटा अनेकार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : पक; साँचो; जाल; वर; मान; उत्तर; मास (b) (i) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको विपरितार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : अर्ध; उत्थान; तल; भत्र; सजीव; मित्र; रोगी (ii) तलका पाँचवटा पदको समास-विग्रह गर्नुहोस् : शोकाकुल; राजभवन; वनवास; लघुपति; शरबन्ध; नीलकमल; सामीप

Answer the following sub-questions:

The question has four parts – (a) Correct the spellings of the given words; (b) Explain the meaning of the given idioms/proverbs and use each in a sentence; (c) Write the antonyms of the given words; (d) For each of the following statements supply a single appropriate word.

Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own in Sanskrit:

Answer the following as directed:

Answer the following questions: (i) Define an adjective. (ii) Define a particle (harf) and give examples. (iii) What is the difference between a word (kalima) and a verb (fi‘l)? (iv) Use the following idioms in sentences: (a) din me ṭāre nazar ānā (seeing stars in daylight) (b) pānī pānī honā (to feel ashamed). (v) Define the past tense (māzī).

Explain the meaning of the following idioms/proverbs:

Attempt the following as instructed.