Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists.
List – I (Philosopher)
A. Ramanuja
B. Madhavacharya
C. Nimbarka
D. Vallabhacharya
List – II (Philosophy

Question

Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists.
List – I (Philosopher)
A. Ramanuja
B. Madhavacharya
C. Nimbarka
D. Vallabhacharya
List – II (Philosophy)
1. Suddhadvait
2. Dvaitadvait
3. Dvaita
4. Vishishtadvaita

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Correct — B, A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1: Ramanuja with Vishishtadvaita, Madhavacharya with Dvaita, Nimbarka with Dvaitadvait and Vallabhacharya with Suddhadvait. Take the four in turn. Ramanuja, the Sri Vaishnava teacher of Srirangam traditionally dated 1017–1137, taught Vishishtadvaita or qualified non-dualism: reality is one, but that one Brahman is 'qualified' by conscious souls and unconscious matter, which are real and form his body rather than being illusory — his commentary on the Brahma Sutras is the Sribhashya. Madhvacharya of Udupi in Karnataka, of the thirteenth century, taught Dvaita or dualism, the sharpest break with Shankara: God, souls and matter are eternally and irreducibly distinct, and the soul never becomes identical with the Lord. Nimbarka taught Dvaitadvaita, dualistic non-dualism — souls and matter are both different from Brahman and non-different from him, as waves are of the sea — and his school centres on the worship of Radha and Krishna. Vallabhacharya (1479–1531) taught Shuddhadvaita, pure non-dualism, in which the world is not an illusion superimposed on Brahman but Brahman's own real self-manifestation; his devotional path is the Pushtimarg, the way of divine grace, associated with Srinathji at Nathdwara. Every acharya here is defining himself against Adi Shankara's Advaita, absolute non-dualism, which is not in List II at all — recognising that is what makes the matching quick.

Why the other options are wrong — (a) Wrong on all four counts. It gives Dvaita to Ramanuja, whose whole position is that souls and matter are real but inseparable from Brahman rather than eternally separate; Suddhadvait to Madhavacharya, when Madhva is the one philosopher of the group who insists on unqualified difference; Vishishtadvaita to Nimbarka; and Dvaitadvait to Vallabhacharya. A student who remembers only the single pair Ramanuja–Vishishtadvaita can eliminate this option immediately.  (c) Also wrong throughout. It attaches Dvaitadvait to Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita to Madhavacharya, which reverses the two best-known pairings in Indian philosophy — Madhva is the dualist, Ramanuja the qualified non-dualist. It then gives Suddhadvait to Nimbarka and Dvaita to Vallabhacharya.  (d) The straight-through sequence A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4, which examiners include because it is the pattern a guessing candidate reaches for. Every pair in it is wrong: Ramanuja is not the Suddhadvait teacher (that is Vallabhacharya), Madhavacharya is not the Dvaitadvait teacher (that is Nimbarka), Nimbarka is not the Dvaita teacher (that is Madhva) and Vallabhacharya is not the Vishishtadvaita teacher (that is Ramanuja).

Concept: Vedanta asks one question — what is the relation between Brahman, the individual soul and the world? — and the schools are simply the different answers. Adi Shankara's Advaita says the relation is identity: Brahman alone is real and plurality is the work of maya. Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita says the relation is that of body to embodied self: souls and matter are perfectly real, but they exist only as attributes of the one Brahman, so unity survives without the world being denied. Madhva's Dvaita says the relation is permanent difference, listing five eternal distinctions between God, souls and matter. Nimbarka's Dvaitadvaita says the relation is difference-and-non-difference together, both equally real. Vallabhacharya's Shuddhadvaita says Brahman is non-dual in a 'pure' sense that needs no doctrine of maya at all, because the world is his genuine self-expression. Each philosopher also founded a devotional tradition, and the four are conventionally listed as the founders of the four Vaishnava sampradayas — Sri (Ramanuja), Brahma (Madhva), Sanakadi or Nimbarka, and Rudra, the line to which Vallabhacharya belongs.

State PCS 2022 Q66 — Art & Culture PYQ with Answer

State PCS 2022 Q66 — Art & Culture PYQ with Answer