Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: List I (Concept) - List II (Explanation/Aim) A. Pluralist democracy - 1. Power is always exercised by a privileged few B. People's democracy - 2. Highest and harmonious development of individual capacities C. Developmental democracy - 3. Social equality through common ownership of wealth D. Elitist democracy - 4. Capacity of groups to ensure Governmental responsiveness Code:

Correct — A, A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1. Two of the pairs give themselves away by their own words and settle the code. Elitist democracy is the model that says real power always rests with a privileged few however wide the franchise, so D goes to 1. Developmental democracy is the model, running from Rousseau to John Stuart Mill, that values participation because it develops the capacities of the participants, so C goes to 2. People's democracy is the Marxist-Leninist term, and its aim is social equality through common ownership of wealth, which is 3. Pluralist democracy sees politics as competition between organised groups whose pressure keeps government responsive, which is 4.

• (b)A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 — Gets the two easy pairs right and swaps the middle two. It gives people's democracy the development of individual capacities and developmental democracy the common ownership of wealth, which reverses the ideas.
• (c)A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 — Hands pluralist democracy the rule of a privileged few — the exact opposite of pluralism, which exists as an answer to elite theory — and gives elitist democracy the responsiveness of government to groups.
• (d)A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 — Keeps the two middle pairs correct but swaps pluralist and elitist. Those two are the pair the whole match is built to separate, so getting them the wrong way round loses the item.

Democracy has been theorised in several distinct models. Classical democracy is direct rule by an assembly of citizens. Protective democracy treats the vote as a defence of the individual against the state. Developmental democracy treats participation as an education that improves the citizen. Pluralist democracy sees power dispersed among competing organised groups. Elitist democracy holds that a minority governs in every society, and that elections settle only which minority. People's democracy is the term used in the Marxist-Leninist tradition for a socialist order in which formal political equality is completed by common ownership.

Match-the-list items reward a two-anchor method. Do not work through four pairs; find the two you are certain of, eliminate every option that contradicts them, and check what survives. Here the certain pairs are elitist with the privileged few and developmental with the development of capacities. That pair of anchors alone removes three options. The remaining check is worth making anyway, because pluralism and elitism are the two models that argue with each other — Robert Dahl's account of dispersed and competing power was framed as a reply to the elite theorists, so a code that gives pluralism the rule of a privileged few is contradicting the very debate the two names come from.

• Pluralist democracy explains policy as the outcome of competition between organised groups, which keeps government responsive.
• Elitist democracy holds that a minority rules in every society and that elections choose between elites rather than replacing elite rule.
• Developmental democracy, associated with Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, values participation for what it does to the participant.
• People's democracy is the Marxist-Leninist term for a socialist order resting on common ownership of wealth.
• Protective and classical democracy are the two other models usually listed alongside these four.

• Working through all four pairs instead of anchoring on the two that are certain.
• Reading people's democracy as a synonym for popular or direct democracy.
• Matching pluralism to the privileged few, when pluralism was developed as the answer to elite theory.

Match-the-list items in this paper almost always contain two giveaway pairs; finding them is faster and safer than reasoning about all four.

• practice — not a real PYQ

  The view that a small minority governs in every society, whatever the form of government, is associated with

  • (a)pluralist theory
  • (b)elite theory
  • (c)Marxist theory
  • (d)behaviouralism

  Answer(b) elite theory — Pareto, Mosca and Michels are its classical exponents.

• practice — not a real PYQ

  Which model of democracy values political participation chiefly for its effect on the character and capacities of the citizen?

  • (a)Protective democracy
  • (b)Developmental democracy
  • (c)Elitist democracy
  • (d)Pluralist democracy

  Answer(b) Developmental democracy — the tradition running from Rousseau to John Stuart Mill.