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13 topicsDefense & Security: 2Economy: 2Editorial: 2Environment: 1Mapping: 1Misc: 1Polity: 2Scheme: 1Science & Technology: 1
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Editorial

1.Constitution’s Ninth Schedule Evolution (Ninth Schedule)

New Indian Express
Illustration for Constitution’s Ninth Schedule Evolution (Ninth Schedule)

What & Where

Definition: Ninth Schedule lists statutes shielded from Fundamental-Rights scrutiny by courts

Genesis: Inserted by First Constitutional Amendment 1951 with Article 31B to secure land reforms

Scope: Contains 284+ Central & State laws; post-24 Apr 1973 entries subject to basic-structure review

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Context

  • Trigger: Patna HC 1951 struck Bihar Land Reforms creating Parliament–judiciary deadlock
  • Directive push: Aimed to realise Articles 38, 39(b), 39(c) on resource equity
  • Expansion: Successive governments inserted welfare, industrial, even reservation statutes

Judicial Timeline

  • 1967 Golaknath curtailed Parliament power, cast doubt on schedule
  • 1973 Kesavananda birthed basic-structure, set prospective limit
  • 2007 I.R. Coelho opened post-1973 entries to rights-based review

Positive Outcomes

  • Agrarian change: Uttar Pradesh alone redistributed 2 crore acres by 1960
  • Litigation drop: Over 50 land-reform Acts survived challenges by 1970s
  • Social equity: Enabled ceilings, tenancy security, affirmative action measures

Challenges

  • Overreach: Many non-agrarian laws parked merely to evade scrutiny
  • Rights risk: Potential violation of Articles 14, 19, 21 through blanket immunity
  • Ambiguity: Courts still evolving uniform test for welfare laws under basic structure

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Introduced byFirst Constitutional Amendment 1951
Idea mooted byV.K. Thiruvenkatachari, Advocate General Madras
Linked Articles31A agrarian reforms; 31B immunity clause
Initial Acts listed13 zamindari-abolition laws
Present count (2023)284+ laws
Cut-off for automatic shield24 April 1973 (Kesavananda date)
Post-1973 testBasic structure doctrine (I.R. Coelho 2007)
Earliest SC upholdingSankari Prasad v. Union 1951
Landmark partial limitWaman Rao v. Union 1981
Noted contentious entryTamil Nadu 69 % reservation law

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2003PYQ 1

The Ninth Schedule to the Indian Constitution was added by

GS1, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

In which Schedule of the Constitution of India, provisions as to disqualification on grounds of defection are given?

Polity

2.CCPA Fines Rapido for Misleading Ads (Consumer Protection)

Times of India
Illustration for CCPA Fines Rapido for Misleading Ads (Consumer Protection)

What & Where

Statutory regulator under Consumer Protection Act 2019; apex body for consumer-rights enforcement in India.

Constituted July 2020; headquarters New Delhi; nationwide remit over all goods & services.

Operates through Chief Commissioner, two Commissioners and an Investigation Wing for evidence-based inquiries.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Sections 10, 20, 21 empower fines, ad stoppage, class actions for mass harm.
  • Jurisdiction covers companies and endorsing celebrities issuing misleading claims.
  • May recommend prosecution when unfair trade practices breach other laws.

Organisation & Hierarchy

  • Decision quorum: Chief Commissioner plus at least one thematic Commissioner.
  • Investigation Wing gathers evidence, conducts raids, submits reports for final orders.
  • Regional & district links feed complaints from helplines into central database.

Enforcement Action

  • Rapido ad “Auto in 5 min or ₹50” held misleading; fined ₹10 lakh.
  • CCPA directed compensation to all affected consumers and ad discontinuation.
  • Case reinforces deterrence for app-based mobility platforms’ marketing claims.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Statutory basisConsumer Protection Act 2019
Key sections10, 20, 21
Formation dateJuly 2020
Top postChief Commissioner
Special Commissioners2 – Goods & Services
Investigation headDirector-General
Linked helplineNational Consumer Helpline 1915
Core powerFines, ad withdrawal, prosecution advice
Recent penalty₹10 lakh on Rapido
Editorial

3.RBI Inflation Targeting Credibility Debate (Monetary Policy)

Indian Express
Illustration for RBI Inflation Targeting Credibility Debate (Monetary Policy)

What & Where

Flexible Inflation Targeting: RBI-MoF pact (2016) pegs headline CPI at 4% within 2–6% band.

Geography: Applies pan-India; reviewed quinquennially, current mandate ends 31 Mar 2026.

Process: Monetary Policy Committee (RBI Act §45Z) adjusts repo rate to keep CPI near target.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Credibility & Ratings

  • Investor-confidence: S&P upgrade cites RBI inflation record; higher target risks perception of tolerance.
  • External-balance: Low CPI supports rupee, curbs risk premium on Indian assets.
  • Institutional-trust: FIT seen as reinforcing fiscal discipline and MPC autonomy.

Headline vs Core Debate

  • RBI-view: Food shocks spill into wages, rents, eventually core; headline indispensable.
  • Survey-view: Core preferable as food/fuel supply-driven and outside monetary control.
  • Comparative-practice: Nearly all IT nations focus on headline CPI.

Band Calibration

  • Option-retain: 2–6% band offers flexibility during shocks.
  • Option-narrow/remove: Might raise accountability but cut policy space.
  • RBI-caution: Alterations may disrupt anchored expectations.

Outcome Metrics

  • Inflation-expectations: Households, firms now plan around 4% anchor.
  • Shock-resilience: Pandemic, oil spikes managed without runaway inflation.
  • Growth-compatibility: RBI warns lowering target below 4% may constrain development.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Mid-point target4% headline CPI
Statutory band2%–6%
Framework startFY 2016-17
Next reset dueMarch 2026
July 2025 CPI1.55% (second-lowest)
CPI basket food weight≈50%
2014-25 CPI range1.5%–8.6%
Only core-targeter globallyUganda
S&P rating (2025)Upgraded to BBB
Core vs headline global norm35 of 36 IT countries use headline

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2017PYQ 1

मौद्रिक नीति समिति (Monetary Policy Committee/MPC) के सम्बन्ध में निम्नलिखित कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं ?

GS1 2022PYQ 2

भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के संदर्भ में, 'मुद्रास्फीति-संलग्न बांड (Inflation-Indexed Bonds — IIBs)' के क्या लाभ हैं?

Economy

4.SEBI Plans Regulated Venue for Unlisted Shares (Capital Markets)

Financial Express
Illustration for SEBI Plans Regulated Venue for Unlisted Shares (Capital Markets)

What & Where

Regulated venue: SEBI-supervised platform to trade unlisted companies’ shares before an IPO.

Offers transparent, rule-based alternative to India’s informal grey market.

Jurisdiction: Indian securities market under the SEBI Act, 1992.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • SEBI proposal introduces registration, reporting and surveillance norms for pre-IPO trades.
  • Platform envisaged under existing securities law; aims to bolster market integrity.

Economic Angle

  • Accurate demand-supply signals curb IPO overvaluation, aiding efficient capital formation.
  • Formal trades plug tax leakages, adding capital-gains and stamp-duty revenue.

Investor Protection

  • SEBI oversight mitigates fraud, manipulation and opaque pricing rampant in grey market.
  • KYC-compliant, auditable transactions enhance retail investor confidence.

International Alignment

  • US ATS, UK secondary private markets show precedent for regulated pre-IPO share trading.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
RegulatorSecurities and Exchange Board of India
InstrumentsPre-listing equity shares
Core purposeFair price discovery pre-IPO
Key benefitDocumented trades → tax capture
Informal rivalGrey market (unregulated)
Economy

5.CAG Review of FRBM Compliance (Fiscal Responsibility)

Times of India
Illustration for CAG Review of FRBM Compliance (Fiscal Responsibility)

What & Where

FRBM Act 2003: statutory framework guiding India’s fiscal deficit, debt and transparency targets.

CAG annual FRBM review: Constitution-mandated audit assessing Union compliance with Act.

Geography: applies to Union + all States across India; report tabled in Parliament, New Delhi.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Amendment years: 2004, 2012, 2015, 2018; each tweaked deficit or debt targets.
  • Finance Minister must table half-yearly fiscal reviews to both Houses.
  • Medium-Term Fiscal Policy statement prescribes rolling 3-year targets for RD, FD, debt.

Fiscal Metrics

  • Debt-to-GDP trending downward since pandemic peak, aiding macro-stability narrative.
  • Unrealised taxes rising, posing collection-efficiency challenge to meeting targets.
  • Guarantee cap restricts contingent liabilities, protecting Consolidated Fund.

Debt Sustainability

  • CAG uses Debt Sustainability Analysis; stable/declining debt ratio = sustainable.
  • Centre met definition with 4-point fall in ratio between FY 2021 & 2024.

Overshoot Risks

  • GGD still 21 pp above 60 % cap, signalling continued consolidation required.
  • Pandemic-induced FD escape clause deferred original 3 % goal beyond 2021.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Central govt debt (Mar 2024)57 % of GDP
Peak central debt61.38 % of GDP in FY 2020-21
General govt debt (Mar 2023)81.3 % of GDP
GGD statutory cap (FY 2024-25)60 % of GDP
Centre debt statutory cap40 % of GDP
Fiscal deficit achieved FY 2024-254.8 % of GDP
FD pledged for FY 2025-26< 4.5 % of GDP
Unrealised taxes (end-FY 2023-24)₹31.11 lakh crore
Increase in unrealised taxes YoY+₹9.81 lakh crore
Extra loan-guarantee ceiling0.5 % of GDP per year
Last major amendment2018 (targets, escape clauses)

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2018PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

GS1 2010PYQ 2

Which one of the following was NOT stipulated in the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003?

Mapping

6.Uganda Geographical Snapshot (East Africa Geography)

Indian Express
Illustration for Uganda Geographical Snapshot (East Africa Geography)

What & Where

Uganda; land-locked East African nation straddling equator, centred on Lake Victoria basin.

Drained northward by White Nile system; sculpted westward by Albertine Rift mountains.

Bimodal tropical rains; altitude and lakes moderate temperatures.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Physical Geography

  • Rwenzori Mountains create Africa’s third-highest summit; glaciers feed Nile headwaters.
  • East African Rift western arm shapes deep lakes Albert, Edward; seismic and oil-rich zone.
  • Central plateau savanna supports mixed farming; volcanic soils favour banana, coffee belts.

Natural Resources

  • Agriculture dominates GDP; coffee leading foreign-exchange earner since 1980s.
  • Untapped crude oil estimated 6.5 billion barrels in Albertine Graben.
  • Hydropower expanding on Victoria Nile; flagship Bujagali and Karuma dams.

International Relations

  • 21 Aug 2025 accord in principle with USA on non-criminal deportees; excludes unaccompanied minors.
  • Landlocked status drives reliance on Kenyan and Tanzanian ports for trade corridors.
  • Member of East African Community; pursuing shared rail-pipeline links to coast.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
CapitalKampala
Equator passageYes
Neighbour eastKenya
Highest pointMt Stanley / Margherita Peak 5,109 m
Major volcanic massifMt Elgon 4,321 m
Principal riverWhite Nile (Victoria Nile → Lake Kyoga → Lake Albert)
Largest lake shareLake Victoria
Key rift segmentAlbertine Graben (Western Rift)
Oil reserves zoneLake Albert basin
Rain peaksMar–May & Sep–Nov
Plateau altitude~1,000–1,300 m
Core exportsCoffee, tea, fish, cotton
Mineral basketGold, copper, cobalt, iron ore, phosphates
Soil typesVolcanic, ferrallitic east/southwest; savanna central/north
2025 US migrant dealAccepts deportees sans criminal record, not unaccompanied minors
Environment

7.NTCA Restricts Tiger Corridor Definition (Tiger Corridors)

Indian Express

What & Where

NTCA — statutory apex body for tiger conservation under MoEFCC, operational since 2005 amendment of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Tiger corridors — linear habitats enabling dispersal/gene-flow; NTCA now limits definition to 32 “least-cost pathways” mapped in 2014

Geographic spread — corridors connect 50-plus protected areas across Central, Eastern, Western Ghats, Shivalik-Terai, NE Hill landscapes

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Restriction removes WII/AITE-identified corridors, potential non-compliance with statutory duty to ensure connectivity
  • Bombay HC hearing challenges NTCA’s narrowed list; verdict may reset corridor legitimacy
  • 2014 NTCA guideline itself acknowledged alternative connectivities requiring protection

Ecological Impact

  • Reduced corridor ambit lowers genetic exchange, raises inbreeding risk for 3,167 wild tigers
  • Fragmentation increases human-tiger conflict likelihood along infrastructure edges
  • Long-term viability of small reserves (<800 km²) critically tied to functional corridors

Economic Angle

  • Mining, highways, transmission lines gain faster clearance when outside NTCA-listed corridors
  • States may attract investment yet bear future mitigation costs of wildlife conflict
  • Loss of eco-tourism revenue possible if tiger sightings decline from isolated populations

Institutional Structure

  • NTCA coordinates with State Forest Depts, tiger reserve field directors, WII for science inputs
  • Provides 100% Central funding for core protection, 50:50 sharing for buffer & ecotourism schemes
  • Periodic appraisal missions evaluate TCP compliance, release finance accordingly

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Parent ministryMoEFCC
Legal basisWildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 §38V-38X
Year NTCA created2005 (notified 2006)
NTCA chairpersonUnion Environment Minister
Vice-chairpersonMinister of State, Environment
Member SecretaryAdditional DG (Wildlife), MoEFCC
Tiger corridors now recognised32 least-cost pathways (2014 report)
Earlier consultative agencyWildlife Institute of India (WII)
Key power clauseSection 38(O): regulate projects in reserves/corridors
All-India Tiger Estimation (AITE)Conducted every 4 years; NTCA-WII
Science & TechnologyQuick Bite

8.Rubella Eradication and CRS Risks (Rubella Virus)

WHO

What & Where

Rubella = German measles, contagious disease by enveloped single-stranded RNA rubella virus

WHO on 22 Aug 2025 certified Nepal as rubella-free under South-East Asia verification

Global elimination drives focus on measles-rubella control through universal MR vaccination

Quick Facts for MCQs

Health Impact

  • CRS outcomes include deafness, cataract, cardiac defects, developmental delay
  • Disease usually mild in adults yet severe fetal consequences
  • Leading preventable cause of congenital disability worldwide

Vaccination & Coverage

  • MR vaccine gives long-term immunity, cornerstone of elimination strategies
  • Missed doses threatening herd immunity in multiple regions
  • Two-dose compliance critical to interrupt transmission chains

Indian Initiatives

  • National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign 2025-26 under UIP targets 100 % coverage
  • Mission Indradhanush and Intensified MI boost outreach in low-coverage blocks
  • Surveillance grading shows steady district-level progress toward WHO certification

International Milestones

  • Nepal joins Maldives, Sri Lanka as rubella-free in WHO SEAR
  • WHO monitors verification commissions for each member state
  • Global goal seeks rubella eradication following regional success stories

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Virus natureEnveloped single-stranded RNA
Key pregnancy riskMiscarriage, stillbirth, Congenital Rubella Syndrome
2022 global cases17,865 across 78 nations
2024 totally unvaccinated children14.3 million
Infants with first measles dose 202484 %
MR vaccine schedule2 doses
India elimination targetYear 2026
India MR full-dose coverage 2024-25> 90 % children
Measles-free Indian districts Jan-Mar 2025332
Rubella-free Indian districts Jan-Mar 2025487

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK 2021PYQ 1

Mission Indradhanush aims at

Defense & SecurityQuick Bite

9.Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (Agni-5 Missile)

PIB
Illustration for Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (Agni-5 Missile)

What & Where

SSBMs: ground-launched ballistic missiles for land/sea targets, configurable with conventional or nuclear warheads.

Agni-5: MIRV-capable, nuclear-armed IRBM (~5,000 km) under India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.

IGMDP also produced Prithvi, Trishul, Nag, Akash; Agni-5 strengthens credible minimum deterrence.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • IGMDP: 1980s DRDO initiative delivering five indigenous missile families including Agni-5.
  • MIRV technology: single booster deploys multiple independently targetable warheads.
  • Range taxonomy: SRM <1,000 km; MRBM 1,000–3,000 km; IRBM 3,000–5,500 km; ICBM >5,500 km.

Security Dimension

  • Deterrence: Agni-5 bolsters India’s assured nuclear retaliation doctrine.
  • Validation: August 2025 flight test confirmed reliability of propulsion, guidance, re-entry systems.
  • Nuclear-capable status: expands strategic strike envelope without breaching minimum-deterrence threshold.

International Examples

  • Peers: Only USA, Russia, China, France share MIRV-capable IRBM capability with India.
  • Benchmark: Entry into club signals technological parity in multi-warhead delivery systems.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Missile nameAgni-5
Missile typeSurface-to-surface ballistic
Range classIntermediate-Range (3,000–5,500 km)
Stated reachAbout 5,000 km
Warhead techMIRV, nuclear-capable
Parent programmeIGMDP
Sister missilesPrithvi, Trishul, Nag, Akash
Recent testAug 2025, validated operational & technical parameters
Strategic aimCredible minimum deterrence
MIRV-IRBM clubUSA, Russia, China, France, India

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2001PYQ 1

The range of Agni-II missile is around

GS1 2014PYQ 2

With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Defense & SecurityQuick Bite

10.SLINEX-25 India-Sri Lanka Naval Exercise (SLINEX Exercise)

PIB
Illustration for SLINEX-25 India-Sri Lanka Naval Exercise (SLINEX Exercise)

What & Where

SLINEX: bilateral India–Sri Lanka naval exercise, launched 2005, 12th edition held 2025.

Conducted in and off Colombo, strengthening Indian Ocean littoral cooperation.

Focus: interoperability, best-practice exchange, aligned to India’s MAHASAGAR maritime vision.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Enhances joint maritime patrol, surveillance, humanitarian assistance, disaster relief readiness.
  • Builds trust for Indian Ocean sea-lanes security.
  • Demonstrates coordinated naval command, control and communication procedures.

Defence Engagements

  • Mitra Shakti complements SLINEX, covering counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism land operations.
  • Memorial visit signals respect for earlier joint sacrifices, deepening military diplomacy.
  • Regular bilateral drills institutionalise tri-services familiarity.

Historical Context

  • IPKF (1987-1990) remains pivotal marker in India-Sri Lanka defence ties.
  • SLINEX evolution from 2005 shows sustained maritime engagement post-civil-war era.
  • Continuity highlights stable neighbourhood-first approach in South Asia.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Full nameSri Lanka–India Naval Exercise (SLINEX)
2025 edition12th
2025 host venueColombo, Sri Lanka
Initiation year2005
Key policy linkageMAHASAGAR (Mutual & Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions)
Parallel Army drillExercise Mitra Shakti
Tribute site visitedIndian Peace Keeping Force Memorial
IPKF deployment years1987 – 1990
India’s HADR role“First responder” for Sri Lanka

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2025PYQ 1

‘विनि’ भारत और किस देश के बीच एक संयुक्त सैन्य अभ्यास है ?

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2022PYQ 2

Which one of the following countries did the Indian Navy participate in the U.S. Navy-led Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training (SEACAT) military exercise, to demonstrate its maritime manoeuvres?

Scheme

11.Fortified Rice Scheme Extended to 2028 (Food Fortification)

PIB
Illustration for Fortified Rice Scheme Extended to 2028 (Food Fortification)

What & Where

Scheme: nationwide supply of Iron-Folic Acid-Vitamin B12 fortified rice via all central food-security channels

Geography: universal rollout across States/UTs; pilot 2019, full coverage March 2024, extended till Dec 2028

Nodal: Department of Food & Public Distribution under Consumer Affairs Ministry; FSSAI frames fortification standards

Quick Facts for MCQs

Funding & Costs

  • Allocation: Cabinet okays ₹17,082 crore, fully borne by Centre, covers fortificants, blending, quality testing
  • Costing: States procure fortificants via FCI price schedule; no additional burden on beneficiaries

Implementation Channels

  • PDS: fortified rice replaces normal grain at ration shops for Antyodaya and priority households
  • PM POSHAN & ICDS: school meals, anganwadi rations now mandatorily use fortified rice nationwide
  • Special nutrition: Wheat-Based Programme and Scheme for Adolescent Girls integrated for fortified supply

Nutrition & Health

  • Deficiency focus: combats anaemia, cognitive impairment, hidden hunger among women, children and adolescents
  • Fortificant levels: iron 28 mg, folic acid 100 µg, vitamin B12 0.75 µg per 100 g rice (FSSAI)

Monitoring & Partnerships

  • Quality control: States, UTs, FSSAI inspectors ensure blending, logo display, random lab testing
  • Convergence: dovetails with Anemia Mukt Bharat, Poshan Maah, media IEC for behavioural change
  • NDDB Gift Milk: supplements fortified rice in selected schools, enhancing protein, calcium intake

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Cabinet approval periodUp to December 2028
Funding pattern100 % Central; ₹17,082 crore
Nutrients addedIron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12
Major channelsPDS, PM POSHAN, ICDS, WBNP, SAG
Pilot launch year2019
National scale-up sanction2022
Standards bodyFSSAI
Complementary foods advisedDouble Fortified Salt, fortified edible oil
Linked missionAnemia Mukt Bharat (2018)

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2004PYQ 1

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?

GS1 2023PYQ 2

‘पोषण मुक्त भारत अभियान’ के अंतर्गत की जा रही व्यवस्थाओं के संबंध में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए :

Polity

12.NOTTO Prioritises Women in Organ Allocation (Organ Transplant)

The Hindu
Illustration for NOTTO Prioritises Women in Organ Allocation (Organ Transplant)

What & Where

NOTTO = apex national coordination centre for organ & tissue donation/transplant; under MoHFW, Govt. of India

Mandate rooted in Transplantation of Human Organs & Tissues Act 1994 (amended 2011), operational since 2014

Headquarters: Institute of Pathology (ICMR) building, Safdarjung Hospital campus, New Delhi

Quick Facts for MCQs

Structure & Divisions

  • National Network Division maintains real-time donor–recipient registry, allocates organs
  • National Biomaterial Centre banks tissues: cornea, bone, skin etc.
  • Coordinates vertically with ROTTOs (regional) and SOTTOs (state) for ground execution

Functions & Powers

  • Database: captures nationwide donation, retrieval, transplant statistics for policy and audit
  • Protocols: issues ethical, clinical guidelines; trains transplant coordinators & hospital teams
  • Compliance: monitors THOA adherence, curbs trafficking/commercial trade via inspections

Social Concerns

  • Directive 2023: prioritises organ allocation to women patients & female relatives of deceased donors
  • Aim: address documented gender disparity in both access to transplants and donor recognition
  • Awareness drives: focused campaigns to boost voluntary female pledges and family consent

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Parent ministryUnion MoHFW
Chairing authorityDirector General of Health Services
Statutory basisTHOA 1994, amended 2011
Year formed2014
HQ cityNew Delhi
Key divisionsNational Network Division; National Biomaterial Centre
Core roleMaintain registry, ensure transparent allocation
Misc

13.UPSC Mains 2025 Papers Repository (UPSC Examination)

UPSC

What & Where

Repository: Single hub hosting official UPSC CSE Mains 2025 question papers.

Coverage: Essay, GS I–IV, Indian Language, English, Optional Papers 1 & 2.

Access: Free PDFs plus high-resolution scans on InsightsIAS; updated after each exam day.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Exam Schedule

  • Sequence: Essay → GS I & II → GS III & IV → Qualifying → Optional.
  • Span: 22 Aug–31 Aug 2025, five examination days.
  • Dual GS sittings: Two GS papers conducted per day (23 & 24 Aug).

Preparation Strategy

  • Practice: Attempt timed mocks using released PDFs for real-time exam simulation.
  • Mapping: Align each question with UPSC syllabus to detect recurring themes.
  • Review: Compare answers with forthcoming model approaches from InsightsIAS.

Resources & Access

  • Consolidation: Single portal eases cross-paper weightage analysis and theme tracking.
  • Verification: Scanned originals allow fine-print checks vis-à-vis typed PDFs.
  • Alerts: Telegram notifications ensure immediate receipt of new papers and analyses.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
First paper date22 Aug 2025 (Essay)
GS papers dates23 Aug 2025 (GS I & II); 24 Aug 2025 (GS III & IV)
Qualifying papers date30 Aug 2025 (Indian Language & English)
Optional papers date31 Aug 2025
Total GS papers4 (Paper 1–4)
Format offeredPDF downloads + scanned images
AuthenticityOfficial UPSC questions, high-quality reproductions
Instant updates channelOfficial InsightsIAS Telegram group

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, GS1 2025PYQ 1

निम्नलिखित वर्षों पर विचार कीजिए :

CAPF_GAI, GS1 2025PYQ 2

निम्नलिखित में से किस वर्ष का कैलेंडर वर्ष 2025 के समान (identical) होगा?

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