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12 topicsGS-1: 1GS-2: 4GS-3: 7
0/12 done
GS-2Polity

1.Indelible Ink in Indian Elections (Election Materials)

Indian Express
Illustration for Indelible Ink in Indian Elections (Election Materials)

What & Where

Indelible ink: silver-nitrate staining liquid applied on voters’ left index finger to block repeat balloting.

Adopted across India in 1962 General Election; still default for Parliament, Assembly, local-body polls.

Produced only at Karnataka’s Mysore Paints & Varnish Ltd; formula secured by National Physical Laboratory.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Evolution

  • 1962 adoption created low-cost safeguard against impersonation in huge electorates.
  • 2024: Maharashtra SEC discards marker pens, re-embraces traditional ink for ZP & panchayat samiti polls.

Tech & Chemistry

  • Silver-nitrate penetrates epidermis, forms photo-activated stain impossible to wash with soap or solvents.
  • Standard 10 ml phials cater ~700 voters, enabling cost-efficient large-scale deployment.

Security Dimension

  • Visible mark instantly signals “voted”, deterring multiple voting and boosting electoral credibility.
  • Six decades’ error-free use underpins public trust in India’s free, fair, high-turnout elections.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Introduction in Indian polls1962 (Third General Election)
Exclusive producerMysore Paints & Varnish Ltd, Karnataka PSU
Formula developerCSIR-National Physical Laboratory
Active chemicalSilver nitrate (reacts with keratin + light)
Skin mark visibilityFades in 3–4 days
Nail stain durationPersists 2–4 weeks
Application siteLeft index finger across nail–cuticle
GS-2Misc

2.16 January 2026 Current Affairs Digest (Daily Compilation)

NDTV
Illustration for 16 January 2026 Current Affairs Digest (Daily Compilation)

What & Where

Amendment: 2026 guidelines under Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam re-label plantation/afforestation on forest land as “forestry activity”.

Process: Projects executed via approved Working/Management Plans; state forest departments retain control, private entities only implement.

Geography: Applies to all recorded forest lands across Indian states/UTs, especially open & scrub areas (~2.08 lakh sq km).

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Reclassification removes need for diversion approval, accelerating degraded-land restoration projects.
  • States gain discretion on revenue models, yet central clearance continues for plan approval.
  • CA & NPV waivers signal policy shift towards facilitative, investment-friendly forestry.

Environmental Impact

  • Risk: Monoculture plantations can erode biodiversity, alter hydrology, reduce ecosystem resilience.
  • Opportunity: Large-scale native-species restoration can help meet 33 % green-cover goal & NDC targets.
  • Safeguard: Biodiversity benchmarks and third-party audits recommended for ecological integrity.

Social Concerns

  • Forest-dwelling communities fear curtailed access, FRA consent must precede project sanction.
  • Gram Sabha consultation crucial to balance livelihood rights with restoration economics.
  • Transparent benefit-sharing models can turn locals into project stewards, reducing conflicts.

Implementation Challenges

  • Capacity gap: District forest staff may struggle monitoring multi-stakeholder projects.
  • Data transparency: Need real-time dashboards on species mix, area restored, funds used.
  • Misuse risk: Commercial timber motives could masquerade as restoration without stringent audits.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Parent ActVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam 1980
Guideline year re-issuedJanuary 2026
Compensatory AfforestationExempted for plantation/restoration projects
Net Present Value chargeWaived for eligible activities
Eligible implementersGovernment, private, non-government entities
Approval routeState Working/Management Plan vetted by MoEFCC
Land ownershipRemains with Government; no lease transfer
Revenue sharingState-specific frameworks permitted

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2023PYQ 1

There is an increase in forest cover area of India between 2011 and 2021. However, there is a decrease in forest cover area of India during the same period in

CDS_GK, GS1 1996PYQ 2

Consider the following programmes:

GS-3Economy

3.Convergence of MSME Government Schemes (MSME Schemes)

PIB

What & Where

Definition: MSME = units classified by plant-machinery investment & annual turnover under MSMED Act; new limits from 1 Apr 2025.

Process: NITI Aayog roadmap merges 18+ union-state schemes through information convergence and process convergence on one AI portal.

Geography: Sector footprint nationwide; 51 % units rural, 49 % urban (Oct 2024).

Quick Facts for MCQs

Economic Angle

  • Contribution: MSMEs craft 6,000 products, vital for forex via 45 % export slice.
  • Funding: Convergence pools central-state money, curbs duplication, boosts cost-effectiveness.
  • Scale: Dedicated marketing wing to unlock domestic and global demand.

Governance & Delivery

  • Portal: AI chatbots, dashboards, mobile interface aid real-time compliance, finance, market intel.
  • Tracking: Unified data enables beneficiary mapping, inspection, transparency.
  • SDG-17: Model aligns with multi-stakeholder partnership mandate.

Scheme Rationalisation

  • Cluster: Merge SFURTI into MSE-CDP, earmark funds for traditional crafts.
  • Skills: Three-tier matrix—entrepreneurship, MSME tech, rural-women artisan training.
  • Innovation: Fold ASPIRE into MSME Innovative; reserve budget slice for agro-rural incubators.

Institutional Setup

  • Apex bodies: DC-MSME, KVIC, Coir Board, NSIC, NIMSME, MGIRI anchor implementation.
  • Marketing wing: Domestic arm for national fairs; international arm for overseas B2B, expos.
  • Shared infra: Common testing, raw-material banks, credit facilitation centers to be cross-utilised.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
GDP share of MSMEs27–30 %
Export share≈45 %
Workforce employed62 % of labour force (≈28.1 crore)
Avg growth 2000-168.6 % vs industry 7.6 %
Union outlay FY20₹6,717 cr
Union outlay FY24₹22,094 cr
Udyam registrations3.94 crore
Udyam Assist (IME)2.71 crore
Manufacturing : Services25 % : 75 %
Rural clusters share51 %
Revised norms kick-in1 Apr 2025
Schemes to be converged18+

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS, GS1 2021PYQ 1

Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute significantly in the economic and social development of the country. Which of the following measures is / are taken by the Government with respect to MSMEs?

GEO_GS, GS1 2023PYQ 2

Consider the following statements with reference to India:

GS-3EconomyQuick Bite

4.Japan Deep-Sea Rare Earth Mining (Deep-Sea Mining)

The Hindu

What & Where

Deep-sea mining – extraction of seabed minerals below 200 m, chiefly polymetallic nodules, seafloor sulphides, cobalt-rich crusts.

Japan’s pilot REE extraction at ~6,000 m near Minami Torishima Island, within its Pacific EEZ, using drilling vessel Chikyu.

Site holds >16 Mt rare-earths, flagged as multi-century source for dysprosium, yttrium critical to EVs, turbines, defence.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Economic Angle

  • Diversification; project aims to curb Japan’s heavy dependence on China-dominated REE supply chain.
  • REEs vital for high-growth sectors: EV batteries, wind turbines, electronics, missiles, increasing strategic value.

Environmental Impact

  • Conservationists warn deep-sea mining may damage fragile, poorly studied marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
  • ISA still finalising exploitation code; absence of rules fuels calls for precautionary pauses.

Tech & Process

  • Extraction uses remotely operated drills, riser pipes to surface recovered mud for shipboard separation.
  • Three principal resource types: nodules, sulphide vents, cobalt crusts each requiring distinct harvesting gear.

Security Dimension

  • REE self-sufficiency viewed as critical for Japan’s defence systems and supply-chain resilience amid geopolitical tensions.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Project countryJapan
Core siteMinami Torishima, Pacific EEZ
Vessel nameChikyu
Targeted depth≈ 6,000 m
REE deposit size> 16 million t
Dysprosium supply≈ 730 years (current demand)
Yttrium supply≈ 780 years
China mining share~66 % of global
China refining share> 90 % of global
Deep-sea definitionWater depth > 200 m
Deep-sea floor share≈ 2⁄3 of Earth’s seafloor
REE group count17 metals
Global regulatorInternational Seabed Authority

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2021PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

GS-1History

5.Tirukkural Ethical Tamil Classic (Tamil Literature)

DD News
Illustration for Tirukkural Ethical Tamil Classic (Tamil Literature)

What & Where

Tirukkural – classical Tamil ethical treatise (1,330 couplets) rooted in Sangam/post-Sangam Tamil Nadu.

Authorship attributed to poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, venerated across South India; memorial linkage to Mylapore, Chennai.

Observed nationwide on Thiruvalluvar Day; text nicknamed “Tamil Veda” for universal, non-sectarian values.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Debate

  • Dating range: earliest 300 BCE, latest 600 CE, absence of firm epigraphs.
  • Locale: strong traditional claim of birth/residence at Mylapore, Chennai.
  • Context: positioned within late Sangam or early post-Sangam literary milieu.

Literary Features

  • Format: each kural two lines, seven metrical feet, extreme concision.
  • Structure: virtue first, then wealth/polity, concludes with love; mirrors Indian purusharthas.
  • Memory aid: aphoristic brevity enabled oral transmission across centuries.

Governance Ideas

  • Statecraft: insists on justice, welfare economics, non-oppressive taxation.
  • Leadership: urges rulers to value counsel, learning, and compassion over force.
  • Administration: promotes meritocracy, public safety, disaster relief responsibilities.

Universal Values

  • Ethics: highlights truth, charity, self-control, gratitude, non-violence.
  • Secularity: avoids direct religious dogma; appeals to all faiths hence “Tamil Veda”.
  • Global reception: translated into 40+ languages, cited by scholars and reformers worldwide.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Total couplets1,330
Chapter count133 (10 kurals each)
Tripartite booksAram, Porul, Inbam
LanguageClassical Tamil
Approximate era300 BCE – 600 CE (debated)
Core themesEthics, polity/economics, love
Observance2nd day of Thai month (Jan) as Thiruvalluvar Day
GS-3Environment

6.Amended Forest Conservation Guidelines 2026 (Forest Policy)

DH

What & Where

Amended Forest Conservation Guidelines 2026: MoEFCC circular under Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam 1980.

Reclassifies plantations/afforestation on forest land as “forestry activity”, enabling non-government participation under state supervision.

Applies pan-India, chiefly targeting 2.08 lakh sq km degraded open + scrub forests.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

  • Reclassification tag “forestry activity” removes diversion label under Section 2 of Act.
  • Central approval via Working/Management Plans still mandatory; ensures supervisory hold.
  • States allowed to draft revenue models; guidelines silent on uniform sharing formula.

Financial Implications

  • NPV waiver lowers upfront cost, incentivising private pulp, paper, bio-energy firms.
  • CA exemption removes major budgetary hurdle, easing large-scale plantation bids.
  • Limited public funds supplemented by corporate CSR, green bonds, PPP modes.

Environmental Impact

  • Monoculture risk: eucalyptus, teak could displace native biodiversity, alter hydrology.
  • Loss of ecological valuation: CA/NPV removal weakens internalisation of degradation costs.
  • Need for mixed-species, indigenous benchmarks flagged by experts.

Social Concerns

  • Potential marginalisation of tribal, forest-dwelling communities under FRA if consultations weak.
  • Gram Sabha consent requirement reiterated but monitoring gaps possible.
  • Benefit-sharing ambiguity may bypass traditional users’ livelihood rights.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Amendment yearJanuary 2026
Parent legislationVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam 1980
Previous guideline replaced2023 Forest Conservation Guidelines
Degraded forest needing restoration (ISFR 2023)2.08 lakh sq km
National forest/green cover target33 % of land area
Compensatory Afforestation for such plantationsNow exempt
Net Present Value chargeWaived
Control of forest landRemains with government; no ownership transfer
Main private-sector entryPlantations & afforestation on leased/assigned forest land
Key revenue ruleState designs case-specific utilisation & sharing

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 1996PYQ 1

Consider the following programmes:

GS1 2019PYQ 2

Consider the following statements:

GS-3Mapping

7.Kruger National Park Flooding Update (National Park)

RT

What & Where

South Africa’s largest, oldest national park; cornerstone of African wildlife conservation and eco-tourism.

Lies in northeastern provinces Limpopo & Mpumalanga; borders Mozambique (east) and Zimbabwe (north).

Part of UNESCO-listed Kruger-to-Canyons Biosphere; habitats span savannah, bushveld, riverine forests.

Quick Facts for MCQs

History & Milestones

  • Proclaimed 1898 to curb unchecked hunting; laid groundwork for modern SA conservation law.
  • 1926 Act merged Sabi & Shingwedzi reserves, creating the first national park.
  • Renaming honoured Paul Kruger’s advocacy for wildlife protection.

Geography & Ecology

  • Ecosystems: mixed woodland savannah, mopane bushveld, riparian forests—support 500+ bird & 140+ mammal species.
  • 360 km longitudinal spread enables north-south biodiversity gradient from arid to wetter zones.
  • River network provides perennial water but heightens flood susceptibility.

Conservation Significance

  • Anti-poaching hub employing rangers, air surveillance, cross-border coordination with Mozambique’s Limpopo NP.
  • Integral to Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, fostering genetic flow across tri-national landscape.
  • Tourism revenue funds community projects, reinforcing habitat protection.

Disaster & Vulnerability

  • February 2024 deluge caused multiple rivers to breach banks, prompting temporary visitor ban.
  • Climate variability increasing extreme rainfall episodes; adaptive infrastructure and early-warning systems prioritized.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Original nameSabi Game Reserve
Proclaimed as reserve1898
Declared national park1926
NamesakePaul Kruger, ex-President South African Republic
Area≈ 19,623 sq km
North–South length~360 km
Provinces spannedLimpopo, Mpumalanga
International bordersMozambique, Zimbabwe
Major riversLimpopo, Letaba, Olifants, Sabie, Crocodile
Flagship faunaBig Five: lion, leopard, elephant, rhino, buffalo
UNESCO tagPart of Kruger-to-Canyons Biosphere Reserve
Recent event (2024)Flood-triggered closure to day visitors
GS-3S&T

8.Project Suncatcher Orbital AI Datacentres (Space Data Centres)

The Hindu
Illustration for Project Suncatcher Orbital AI Datacentres (Space Data Centres)

What & Where

Space-based AI datacentre concept by Google Research, branded Project Suncatcher

Densely clustered satellites in sun-synchronous low-Earth orbit (LEO) for 24×7 solar exposure

Executes energy-hungry AI training/inference on-orbit; only inputs/outputs relayed to Earth

Quick Facts for MCQs

Energy & Environment

  • Uninterrupted sunlight decouples AI power demand from terrestrial grids
  • No land or water footprint, easing datacentre cooling stress
  • Supports sustainable AI scaling amid rising model sizes

Orbital Architecture

  • Dense constellation minimises latency; satellites cross-link before downlinking
  • Sun-synchronous path guarantees constant illumination, avoiding battery mass
  • Modular builds enable incremental fleet enlargement or refresh

Hardware & Networking

  • Radiation-hard TPUs proven to survive multi-year LEO dose levels
  • Petabit optical mesh permits distributed AI workloads akin to terrestrial clusters
  • Minimal Earth bandwidth relative to intra-orbital traffic, lowering ground infra needs

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
DeveloperGoogle Research
Orbit zoneLow-Earth orbit (LEO)
Orbit typeSun-synchronous, continuous daylight
Power sourceDirect solar, no night cycles
Compute chipsRadiation-tolerant TPUs
Inter-satellite bandwidthPetabit-scale optical links
Earth downlinkHandles I/O, not internal cluster traffic
Cooling needVacuum-tailored thermal design, zero water use
Constellation styleDense cluster, not global swarm
Replacement planModular satellite swap-out as units age
GS-3S&TQuick Bite

9.IMD Automatic Weather Stations Rollout (Automatic Weather Stations)

PIB

What & Where

Automatic Weather Station: unmanned unit auto-records & transmits high-resolution surface weather data round-the-clock.

Urban upgrade: 200 AWS installed for hyper-local forecasting in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai & Pune (Jan 2026).

Nodal agency: India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, HQ New Delhi.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Model Observatory, 3D-printed AWS & Agro-AWS showcase indigenous, low-cost meteorology tech.
  • Network enlarges with Doppler Weather Radars & aerosol monitoring systems.
  • Mission Mausam drives advanced weather science & climate-resilience agenda.

Performance Metrics

  • General forecast skill jumped 40–50 % over 10 years.
  • Cyclone-track precision rose 35–40 %, enhancing evacuation efficacy.
  • Seasonal monsoon forecast error compressed to ~2.5 %.

Disaster Management

  • Dense AWS grid enables street-level alerts for heatwaves, flash floods, urban drainage planning.
  • Continuous, automated data lowers human error and operational costs.
  • Supports aviation, agriculture, public safety decision-making.

Regional Cooperation

  • India supplies weather-disaster satellite data to Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka.
  • Fosters South Asian early-warning interoperability.
  • Bolsters India’s climate-service diplomacy.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Foundation year1875
Current anniversary151st (15 Jan 2026)
AWS added200 units
Target citiesDelhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune
Forecast accuracy gain40–50 % (last decade)
Cyclone track gain35–40 %
Seasonal error fall7.5 % → ≈2.5 %
Radar coverage~87 % of India
Ultra-short range windowUp to 3 hours
Parent ministryEarth Sciences

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

NDA_GAT 2025PYQ 1

Which one of the following organisations has completed 150 years of service to the nation in the year 2025?

NDA_GAT 2020PYQ 2

Which one of the following is the oldest scientific department of Government of India?

GS-2Editorial

10.WEF Global Risks Report 2026 (WEF Risk Report)

NDTV
Illustration for WEF Global Risks Report 2026 (WEF Risk Report)

What & Where

Global Risks Report 2026 = 21st annual WEF assessment; canvasses government-business-civil society leaders via Global Risks Perception Survey.

Evaluates 33 risks across 2-year (short) and 10-year (long) horizons; tracks economic, environmental, tech, social and security threats.

Coverage global; produced by WEF headquartered Geneva, Switzerland.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Risk Rankings

  • Geoeconomics: Trade wars, sanctions, resource controls identified as highest short-term destabiliser.
  • Environment: Biodiversity loss, Earth-system shifts retreat short term but dominate 10-year horizon.
  • Technology: AI risks surge from 30th to 5th over decade, reflecting governance worries.

India Concerns

  • Trade fragmentation: Weaponised tariffs threaten export growth, push localisation via PLI schemes.
  • Critical minerals: China-centric supply heightens vulnerability; India launching overseas acquisition, Critical Minerals Mission.
  • Labour & misinformation: IT-BPO automation and fake news spur IndiaAI Mission, skilling drives, digital governance.

Policy Prescriptions

  • Multilateralism: WEF urges trust-based cooperation to tame cascading systemic shocks.
  • De-weaponise economics: Call for transparent trade, investment screening to cut retaliation cycles.
  • Resilient infrastructure: Climate-proof assets essential for supply-chain and service continuity.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Latest edition21st (2026)
Survey toolGlobal Risks Perception Survey
Top 2-yr riskGeoeconomic confrontation
Extreme weather 2-yr rank4th (down from 2nd)
Pollution 2-yr rank9th (was 6th)
AI adverse outcomes rank30th (2-yr); 5th (10-yr)
Environmental risks 10-yrBiodiversity loss, Earth-system change in top band
Publisher HQGeneva, Switzerland

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS, GS1 2020PYQ 1

According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020, published by environmental think tank Germanwatch, in the year 2018 India’s rank in the list of top most climate affected nations is:

GEO_GS, GS1 2019PYQ 2

The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the

GS-3SecurityQuick Bite

11.78th Army Day Jaipur Parade (Army Day Parade)

PIB

What & Where

Army Day = annual celebration of 15 Jan 1949 when Field Marshal K M Cariappa became first Indian C-in-C.

78th Parade (2026) held in Jaipur, Rajasthan; 4th time outside Delhi, 1st outside a cantonment.

Emphasis on networking-led, data-centric, AI-enabled warfare and agile formations.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Context

  • 15 Jan marks power transfer from British Gen. Sir Francis Butcher to Cariappa in 1949.
  • Post-2022 policy rotates parades nationwide to widen civil-military connect.

Tech & Systems

  • Drive toward AI tools, cyber resilience, integrated battle management networks.
  • Indigenous 155 mm ATAGS gun, BrahMos missile, Pinaka MBRL headlined equipment display.

Cultural Showcase

  • Performances: Kalbelia & Gair dances, Kerala Chenda drums, martial arts Kalaripayattu, Malkhamb.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Celebration date15 January 2026
Parade edition78th
2026 venueJaipur, Rajasthan
Outside-Delhi count4 (’23 Bengaluru, ’24 Lucknow, ’25 Pune, ’26 Jaipur)
First Indian C-in-CField Marshal K M Cariappa
Current Supreme CommanderPresident of India
2026 theme“Year of Networking and Data Centricity”
Debut formationBhairav Battalion
Active personnel≈ 1.4 million (world’s largest army)
Indigenous kit shownT-90, Arjun, K-9 Vajra, Dhanush, ATAGS, BrahMos, Pinaka, Prabal/Switch/Baaz drones

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 1

Who among the following was the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army of independent India?

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2023PYQ 2

Exercise Ajeya Warrior is a biennial training event between the Indian Army and the army of:

GS-2Scheme

12.MS Sahoo Committee on NPS (NPS Reforms)

LiveMint

What & Where

National Pension System; market-linked contributory pension regulated by PFRDA across India.

15-member M S Sahoo Committee; permanent advisor on assured-payout rules inside NPS.

NPS Vatsalya; guardian-run NPS account for citizens/NRI/OCI below 18 years.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Regulatory Framework

  • Tasks cover lock-in, pricing, capital, risk norms, tax treatment for guarantees.
  • Focus shifts from exit flexibility to income certainty, echoing Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.
  • Follows 2023 Somanathan report; Unified Pension Scheme eyed for higher payout assurance.

Vatsalya Features

  • Contributions unlimited; gifts accepted; same fund-manager choice as regular NPS.
  • Subscriber at 18–21 may continue Vatsalya, migrate to Tier I, or exit.
  • Withdrawals permitted for education or medical expenses after stipulated period.

Fiscal Context

  • Old Pension System outgo rose from ₹3,272 cr (1990-91) to ₹1.9 lakh cr (2020-21).
  • NPS launched 2004 to cap unfunded liabilities through employee (10%)–government (14%) contributions.
  • Assured-payout design expected to deepen long-term household savings for retirement security.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
RegulatorPension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority
Committee strength15 members
Committee chairM S Sahoo, ex-IBBI
Core mandateDraft legally enforceable, market-based guarantees in NPS
Minor scheme nameNPS Vatsalya
Eligibility age< 18 yrs (citizen/NRI/OCI)
Minimum initial / annual pay-in₹250
Partial withdrawalAfter 3 yrs, max 25 % self-contribution
Mandatory annuity on exit≥ 20 % corpus (Vatsalya)
Full withdrawal limitAllowed if corpus ≤ ₹8 lakh

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS, GS1 2022PYQ 1

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)?

ESE_GS, GS1 2017PYQ 2

Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?

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