UPSC Current Affairs 24 June 2025

Q: Which one of the following has legalised euthanasia?

The correct answer is (a) Texas in the USA. This question appeared in ESE_GS, GS1 1996.

Q: 'Euthanasia' refers to the

The correct answer is (a) loyalty of the people that take pride in being part of their organization and care for the organization above their own well-being. This question appeared in ESE_GS, GS1 2020.

Q: Which of the following is/are extra-constitutional and extra-legal device(s) for securing cooperation and coordination between the States in India?

The correct answer is (a) I, II and III. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 1995.

Q: Which of the following States/UTs are included in the Northern Zonal Council?

The correct answer is (c) Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 2023.

Q: The computation of poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) based on the Mixed Reference Period was recommended by the

The correct answer is (a) Lakdawala Committee. This question appeared in CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2023.

Q: हाल के वर्षों में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा, भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में, अवरोही क्रम में, माँग का स्रोत रहा है?

The correct answer is (a) निजी उपभोग, सरकारी उपभोग, निवल (Net) निर्यात, सकल स्थिर पूँजी निर्माण. This question appeared in CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024.

Q: The founders of the Paramhansa Mandali founded in Maharashtra believed in which one of the following?

The correct answer is (c) Forbidding widow remarriage. This question appeared in NDA_GAT 2021.

Q: What is 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol'?

The correct answer is (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions.. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 2016.

Q: Which one of the following resolutions in the final agreement reached at COP28 is associated with the target of achieving 'Net Zero by 2050'?

The correct answer is (a) Fossil fuel phase-out. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 2024.

Q: According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020, published by environmental think tank Germanwatch, in the year 2018 India’s rank in the list of top most climate affected nations is:

The correct answer is (c) 5th. This question appeared in GEO_GS 2020.

GS-2Polity

1.UK Assisted Dying Legislation (Assisted Dying Law)

The HinduTerminally Ill Adults Bill · assisted dying · euthanasia types

Illustration for UK Assisted Dying Legislation (Assisted Dying Law)

What & Where

UK Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill enables assisted dying for adults in England & Wales.

Applies only to patients certified terminal (< 6 months), following multi-layer medical-legal clearance.

Euthanasia forms: active (lethal act), passive (treatment withdrawal); India currently allows only passive.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

Safeguard-centric; mirrors Oregon model yet adds lawyer & social-worker sign-off.
Indian law pending; only advance directives notified per 2018 SC judgement.
Slippery-slope fears prompt strict six-month limit and professional oversight.

Ethical Debate

Autonomy vs Sanctity; core clash between self-determination and inviolability of life.
Compassion argument stresses pain alleviation; opponents cite robust palliative alternatives.
Coercion risk highlights elderly, disabled vulnerability amid familial or societal pressure.

Indian Jurisprudence

Common Cause affirmed “Right to Die with Dignity”, enabling living wills, passive withdrawal.
Aruna Shanbaug case triggered Law Commission draft but Parliament yet to legislate.
Any future active-euthanasia statute must navigate Article 21, medical ethics, and societal values.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Jurisdiction	England & Wales
Eligible prognosis	Less than 6 months to live
Mandatory approvals	2 doctors + psychiatrist + senior lawyer + social worker
Legislative stage	Passed House of Commons
Greek meaning of “Euthanasia”	“Good death”
India-permitted form	Passive euthanasia (2018)
Key Indian case	Common Cause v. UoI, 2018
Article invoked	Article 21 – Right to life & dignity
1996 verdict	Gian Kaur denied “Right to Die”
2011 verdict	Aruna Shanbaug allowed passive under safeguards

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS, GS1 1996PYQ 1

Which one of the following has legalised euthanasia?

ESE_GS, GS1 2020PYQ 2

'Euthanasia' refers to the

GS-2Polity

2.Statutory Zonal Councils Overview (Zonal Councils)

PIBStates Reorganisation Act 1956 · statutory body · five zones

What & Where

Statutory advisory bodies under States Reorganisation Act 1956; promote Centre-State cooperation through five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council Act 1971.

Address common economic, social, security issues across contiguous States; chaired by Union Home Minister.

Western Zonal Council (Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu); 25th meet held June 2022, Diu.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

Act: States Reorganisation Act empowers Centre to constitute zonal bodies; NEC separate 1971 Act.
Mandate: Recommend on planning, state reorganisation fallout, border disputes, linguistic minorities, inter-state transport.
Nature: Advisory only; decisions persuasive, not binding.

Organisational Design

Composition: Chairman, rotating Vice-Chairman, State Ministers, UT members, officials, NITI Aayog adviser.
Secretariat: Inter-State Council Secretariat under Home Ministry provides logistic support.
Meeting frequency: At least once yearly per zone; standing committees handle follow-up.

Objectives & Functions

Integration: Foster national unity, curb extreme regionalism and linguism.
Cooperation: Facilitate idea exchange, joint execution of development projects.
Coordination: Resolve inter-state issues swiftly, reduce litigation load on courts.

Current Agenda (Western Zone 2022)

Banking: Expand rural branch and digital coverage.
Justice: Track rape, POCSO cases; push fast-track courts.
Maritime: Verify high-sea fishermen identity; craft mass-rescue contingency plans; boost Make-in-India procurement.

Security Dimension

Border: Regular review of land boundaries, coastal surveillance, infrastructure gaps.
Fishermen: Identification protocols to prevent mistaken detention by neighbouring navies.
Rescue: Coastal States instructed to prepare joint high-sea mass-evacuation drills.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Legal basis	States Reorganisation Act 1956
Body type	Statutory, not constitutional
Total councils	5 Zonal + 1 North-Eastern
Chairperson	Union Home Minister
Vice-Chairperson tenure	State CMs, rotation, 1 year
State representation	CM + 2 Ministers nominated by Governor
UT representation	2 Members per UT in zone
Adviser slot	1 NITI Aayog nominee
Western zone members	Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
Latest Western meet	25th, Diu, June 2022

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 1995PYQ 1

Which of the following is/are extra-constitutional and extra-legal device(s) for securing cooperation and coordination between the States in India?

CDS_GK, GS1 2023PYQ 2

Which of the following States/UTs are included in the Northern Zonal Council?

GS-3Economy

3.First Household Income Survey 2026 (Household Income Data)

Economic TimesMoSPI · NSS · Technical Expert Group

What & Where

Nationwide Household Income Survey, first full-scale income distribution survey, scheduled 2026.

Implementing bodies: MoSPI’s National Sample Survey Office under Technical Expert Group.

Coverage: all Indian states/UTs; digital data capture at household level.

Quick Facts for MCQs

History & Attempts

1955-70 multiple NSS pilots failed due to severe income under-reporting.
1983-84 pilot again produced unusable estimates, stalling further income surveys.

Methodology & Tools

Sampling design, estimation methods to align with global best practices via TEG.
Digital capture intended to record tech-driven gig wages, reduce recall errors.

Economic Significance

Bridges critical data gap for inclusive-growth assessment and welfare targeting.
Enhances statistical infrastructure, aligning India with international standards.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Scheduled year	2026
Nodal ministry	MoSPI
Field agency	National Sample Survey (NSS)
Oversight body	Technical Expert Group (TEG)
TEG chairman	Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla
Earlier income survey pilots	9th, 14th, 19th, 24th NSS rounds; 1983-84 pilot
Key innovation	End-to-end digital data collection
Core objective	Robust, reliable household income distribution data
Past hurdle	Under-reporting—income < consumption & savings
Complementary recent surveys	Unincorporated sector, services, private capex, tourism

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2023PYQ 1

The computation of poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) based on the Mixed Reference Period was recommended by the

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 2

हाल के वर्षों में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा, भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में, अवरोही क्रम में, माँग का स्रोत रहा है?

GS-1History

4.Sree Narayana Guru Social Reforms (Social Reform Movements)

PMISree Narayana Guru · Vaikom Satyagraha · Ezhava community

What & Where

Event centenary of 1925 Sree Narayana Guru–Mahatma Gandhi conversation celebrated in Kerala

Focal personality Sree Narayana Guru saint–reformer from Chempazhanthy near Thiruvananthapuram

Core geography Kerala temples Sivagiri Mutt Aluva Ashram linked to Guru’s reforms

Quick Facts for MCQs

Life & Background

Early education traditional Sanskrit Ayurveda Kalari martial arts
Travelled extensively across Kerala Tamil Nadu Sri Lanka promoting egalitarian message
Passed away 1928 resting place Sivagiri

Social Reforms

Temple access movement broke Brahmin monopoly enabling all castes worship
Over 40 temples established with nondiscriminatory entry
Schools libraries vocational centres set up for marginalised uplift

Philosophical Tenets

Universalism emphasised spiritual over ritual purity
Religious harmony quote Whichever be the religion of a man it suffices if it makes him better
Advaita Vedanta interpreted for social equality

Freedom Struggle Linkages

Ideals influenced Gandhi Nehru Periyar Kerala reformists
Non-violence advocacy dovetailed with Congress programmes
Vaikom agitation success became template for civil rights satyagrahas

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Birth year	1856
Birthplace	Chempazhanthy, Kerala
Community	Ezhava
Key slogan	One Caste, One Religion, One God
First temple consecration	Aruvippuram, 1888
Organisation founded	SNDP Yogam, 1903
Major mutt	Sivagiri, 1904
Freedom‐struggle link	Vaikom Satyagraha supporter
Literary work sample	Advaitha Deepika
Dialogue year with Gandhi	1925

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

NDA_GAT 2021PYQ 1

The founders of the Paramhansa Mandali founded in Maharashtra believed in which one of the following?

GS-1History

5.Ambubachi Mela Kamakhya Festival (Kamakhya Festival)

Times of IndiaAmbubachi Mela · Kamakhya Temple · Shakti Peetha

Illustration for Ambubachi Mela Kamakhya Festival (Kamakhya Festival)

What & Where

Ambubachi Mela – annual fertility festival at Kamakhya Temple, Nilachal Hill, Guwahati, Assam.

Observes monsoon-time menstruation of Goddess Kamakhya; “Ambubachi” literally means “water flowing”.

Kamakhya Temple ‑ revered Shakti Peetha and Tantric pilgrimage hub of Northeast India.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Sociocultural Angle

Fertility-pause: Cultivation and sexual activity traditionally suspended during closure days.
Pilgrimage-surge: Lakhs of Tantriks, sadhus, tourists assemble for darshan after reopening.
Protection-belief: Amulet cloths thought to ward off evil and ensure prosperity.

Architecture

Chamber-design: Rectangular mandapa, square antarala, cave garbhagriha with perennial spring.
Idol-absence: Natural yoni-cleft, not anthropomorphic statue, receives worship.
Complex-spread: Also hosts five Shiva temples and Vishnu shrines (Kedara, Gadadhara, Pandunath).

Historical Timeline

Origins: Mentioned in 7th-c Kalika Purana as prime Shakti seat.
Destruction: Muslim general Kala Pahar razed the shrine circa 1560s.
Revival: Koch ruler Chilarai rebuilt temple in 1565, blending tribal and Aryan styles.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Festival frequency	Annual, 3-day monsoon spell
Honoured deity	Goddess Kamakhya (Shakti)
Term meaning	“Water flowing”
Main ritual	Temple sealed during perceived menstruation
Souvenir	Red-stained cloth amulet
Hill location	Nilachal, ~7 km from Guwahati
Shakti Peetha element	Sati’s yoni believed fallen here
Destroyed by	Kala Pahar (16th c)
Rebuilt by / year	Koch king Chilarai, 1565 CE
Core layout	Three chambers; inner spring-fed yoni cleft
Subsidiary shrines	5 Shiva + Vishnu: Kedara, Gadadhara, Pandunath

GS-3Environment

6.UNEP NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025 (Sustainable Cooling)

UNEPUNEP · Cool Coalition · NDC integration

Illustration for UNEP NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025 (Sustainable Cooling)

What & Where

Definition: UNEP NDC Cooling Guidelines 2025 — global process for embedding sustainable cooling in Nationally Determined Contributions

Core process: Six-stage pathway covering baseline, targets, MRV, policy, governance, finance

Geography: Applicable worldwide; drafted by UNEP Cool Coalition NDC Working Group with UNDP & others

Quick Facts for MCQs

Objectives & Targets

Mitigation: 60 % sectoral emission reduction goal for 2050
Adaptation: Universal, life-saving cooling access for 1.1 billion underserved persons
MRV: Strengthen transparent tracking of cooling actions within NDCs

Six-Stage Framework

Baseline: Quantify HFC emissions and energy use in cooling sector
Targets: Set measurable, time-bound, NDC-aligned cooling objectives
Policy toolkit: MEPS, Kigali-compliant refrigerant phase-down, passive design, urban greening

Country Examples

Nigeria: Embedded National Cooling Action Plan focusing on heat-resilient rural infrastructure
UAE: Emphasised district cooling and super-efficient ACs in NDC 3.0 roadmap
Grenada: Aspires to become first HFC-free nation via complete phase-down commitment

Social Concerns

Equity: Women in rural, low-income areas face higher heat health risks
Access gap: Over 1.1 billion lack affordable, sustainable cooling threatening food, medicines
Vicious cycle: Rising heat → inefficient AC demand → higher emissions → further warming

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Launching body	UNEP Cool Coalition
Release year	2024-25 cycle
Current cooling GHG share	7 % of global emissions
Projected share 2050 (business-as-usual)	>10 %
Global population lacking cooling	1.1 billion people
Building electricity used by cooling	20 % worldwide; >50 % UAE
Emission-cut target	60 % by 2050 vs baseline
Efficiency insight	Doubling appliance efficiency enables 6× access without equal emissions rise
Alignment	Kigali Amendment & Global Cooling Pledge
NDC gap	Only 27 % updated NDCs hold cooling efficiency targets

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2016PYQ 1

What is 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol'?

CDS_GK, GS1 2024PYQ 2

Which one of the following resolutions in the final agreement reached at COP28 is associated with the target of achieving 'Net Zero by 2050'?

GS-3Environment

7.WMO Asia Climate Report 2024 (Asia Climate Trends)

WMOsea level rise · glacial retreat · heatwaves deaths

Illustration for WMO Asia Climate Report 2024 (Asia Climate Trends)

What & Where

Sea-level rise; long-term increase in average ocean height due to thermal expansion and land-ice melt

Hotspots; India’s Arabian Sea coast 3.9 ± 0.4 mm/yr, Bay of Bengal 4.0 ± 0.4 mm/yr, both > global 3.4 mm/yr

Cryosphere; Central Himalayan glaciers (23 / 24 losing mass) raising glacial lake-outburst flood risk

Quick Facts for MCQs

Environmental Impact

Erosion; low-lying belts <50 km from Indian coast face submergence and habitat loss
Agriculture; warming plus erratic rain hits yields, stressing Asian food security
Urban heat; Asian megacities endure longer, hotter spells raising energy and health burdens

Human Toll

Mortality; extreme heat and lightning major killers in 2024 India
Displacement; rising seas likely to trigger coastal climate migration
Infrastructure; ports, hydropower stations, roads threatened by floods and GLOFs

Contributing Factors

Thermal-expansion; warmer oceans occupy more volume accelerating rise
Ice-sheet melt; Greenland, Antarctic and mountain glaciers add freshwater to seas
Ocean-current shifts; regional circulation changes redistribute heat, altering local sea levels

Adaptation & Policy

Coastal-zone management; mangrove restoration and resilient infrastructure urged
Early warning; investment in climate monitoring, forecast and GLOF alert systems critical
Emission cuts; faster NDC implementation and net-zero pathways recommended

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Report source	WMO State of the Climate in Asia 2024
Asia warming rate	≈2 × global mean
2024 Asian rank	2nd warmest year on record
Global sea-level avg	3.4 mm / yr
Arabian Sea rise	3.9 ± 0.4 mm / yr
Bay of Bengal rise	4.0 ± 0.4 mm / yr
Indian heatwave deaths 2024	>450
Lightning deaths India 2024	≈1 300
Single lightning event 10 Jul	72 deaths across 5 states
Kerala Wayanad rainfall	500 mm in 48 h, 350+ deaths
Retreating glaciers Central Himalaya	23 of 24 monitored
GLOF threat zones	Himalayas, Tian Shan

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS 2020PYQ 1

According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020, published by environmental think tank Germanwatch, in the year 2018 India’s rank in the list of top most climate affected nations is:

GEO_GS 2021PYQ 2

Which one of the following statements on Climate of India is NOT correct?

GS-3Environment

8.Insect-Based Livestock Feed Initiative (Insect Protein Feed)

The Hindublack soldier fly · ICAR · antimicrobial resistance

What & Where

Insect-based feed = protein meal from Black Soldier Fly, crickets, meal-worms for livestock & aquaculture

Process: larvae bioconvert agro-food waste to ~75 % protein biomass in 12-15 days; frass becomes organic fertiliser

Indian push: ICAR with CIBA & CMFRI; pilots by Loopworm, Ultra Nutri for shrimp, seabass, poultry, cattle

Quick Facts for MCQs

Environmental Impact

Lower GHG emissions, land degradation, resource use vs conventional feed
Supports climate-smart, circular agriculture with zero-waste loop
Frass application enriches soils organically

Health & AMR

Protein meal enhances animal gut microbiota, cutting antibiotic dependence
Helps curb antimicrobial resistance, a top global threat
Carbapenem susceptibility in E.coli fell 81.4 %→62.7 % during 2017-23

Tech & Schemes

Initiative spearheaded by ICAR; R&D with CIBA, CMFRI
Start-ups Loopworm, Ultra Nutri India scaling commercial plants
Approved for poultry, aquaculture, livestock under feed regulations in 40 + nations

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Protein content	Up to 75 %
Conversion cycle	12-15 days
Key insect species	Hermetia illucens, Alphitobius, Gryllus assimilis
Countries permitting feed	40 +
Meat demand outlook	May double by 2050 (FAO)
AMR deaths 2019	1.27 mn direct; 4.95 mn associated
WHO cost forecast	USD 1 trillion extra healthcare by 2050
E.coli carbapenem drop	81.4 % → 62.7 % (2017-23)
By-product	Frass used as organic fertiliser
Environmental edge	Lower GHG, land, water than soy/fishmeal

GS-3S&TQuick Bite

9.Rare Donor Registry Integration (Rare Blood Registry)

The HinduRare Donor Registry · e-Rakt Kosh · Bombay blood group

Illustration for Rare Donor Registry Integration (Rare Blood Registry)

What & Where

Rare Donor Registry of India: national database of rare-blood donors, built by ICMR-NIIH; now plugged into e-Rakt Kosh.

e-Rakt Kosh: CDAC-developed, NHM platform offering real-time blood availability and logistics for banks, hospitals, donors.

Integration nationwide; targets phenotypes like Bombay (hh), Rh-null, P-null for quicker, safer transfusions.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Health Significance

Alloimmunisation risk curtailed through exact antigen matches from registry.
Essential for multi-transfused thalassemia, sickle-cell, oncology patients.
Faster rare-blood access boosts peri-operative and obstetric safety.

Tech & Schemes

API integration streams rare-donor data into e-Rakt Kosh instantly.
Geo-tagged SMS/email alerts mobilise eligible donors during shortages.
Supports Digital India, NHM e-governance objectives.

Governance & Institutions

ICMR-NIIH curates RDRI; C-DAC maintains e-Rakt Kosh backend.
Policy oversight via National Blood Transfusion Council, MoHFW.
Blood banks mandated to upload antigen typing and stock status daily.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Implementing ministry	Union Health Ministry
RDRI developer	ICMR-NIIH + partner institutes
Donors enrolled	> 4,000 screened individuals
Rare blood markers logged	> 300 antigens
Sample rare groups	Bombay (hh), Rh-null, P-null
e-Rakt Kosh developer	C-DAC
Parent scheme	National Health Mission
Major transfusion risk	Alloimmunisation (antibody formation)

GS-2Polity

10.Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Overview (Islamic Cooperation)

Financial ExpressOIC · 1969 Rabat · 57 members

Illustration for Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Overview (Islamic Cooperation)

What & Where

Inter-govt body voicing collective Muslim world position on global issues

Founded 25 Sep 1969, Rabat; HQ: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

57 member States across Asia, Africa, Europe, South America; India ‑ non-member

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Timeline

1969 Al-Aqsa arson incident triggered convening & founding declaration
1970 creation of permanent secretariat; regular Council of FMs instituted
2008 charter overhaul modernised mandate, renamed organisation

Objectives & Functions

Promote Islamic solidarity; safeguard Muslim Ummah interests
Address Palestine, counter-terrorism, poverty, climate change, rights
Mediation, conflict resolution, humanitarian assistance among members

Institutional Structure

Islamic Summit (Heads of State) supreme authority; meets triennially
Council of Foreign Ministers annual; General Secretariat executes decisions
Specialised organs include Islamic Development Bank, ISESCO, COMSTECH

India Dimension

India invited as guest at Abu Dhabi 2019 FM meet; still outside membership
Regularly rejects OIC statements on J-K, CAA etc., cites internal affairs
2024 Istanbul meet again drew Indian rebuttal to “unwarranted references”

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Full name	Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Previous name	Organisation of Islamic Conference (till 2011)
Membership count	57 states
Continents covered	4
Observer status	UN consultative status
Current charter year	2008 (Dakar)
First charter year	1972
Secretariat seat	Jeddah
First FMs meet	1970, Jeddah
10-Year Action Plan span	2016-2025, 18 areas / 107 goals

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2007PYQ 1

Where are the headquarters of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) located?

GS-2Scheme

11.Panchayat OSR Trainers Programme (Panchayat OSR Capacity)

DD NewsTraining of Trainers · Own Source Revenue · Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan

What & Where

Training of Trainers (ToT): MoPR–IIM Ahmedabad–IIPA initiative to boost Panchayat Own Source Revenue (OSR)

Process: Master Trainers from 16 States/UTs learn behavioural, strategic and digital tools for local revenue mobilisation

Geography: Implemented nationwide under Centrally Sponsored Scheme Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA)

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

Decentralisation aligned with 73rd Amendment and PESA 1996 devolution mandates
RGSA umbrella CSS ensures statutory capacity-building funding till FY 2025-26
Scheme rewards top-performing Panchayats, incentivising compliance with audit norms

Tech & Schemes

Digital Tax Collection Portal to standardise fee, cess and licence payment tracking
RGSA pushes e-governance dashboards for asset accounting and service delivery metrics
Data analytics modules in ToT employ behavioural insights for better tax compliance

Capacity Building

Master Trainers cascade training to district-block resource persons for scale
Curriculum covers revenue mapping, strategic planning and citizen communication
Leadership labs cultivate accountability, innovation and participatory budgeting skills

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Nodal ministry	Panchayati Raj
Academic partners	IIM Ahmedabad, IIPA
Parent scheme	RGSA
RGSA launch year	2018 (revamped 2022-26)
RGSA funding pattern	60:40 — Centre:States (90:10 for NE, Hilly; 100 % UTs)
ToT immediate output	Model OSR Rules Framework draft
Planned digital tool	Panchayat Tax Collection Portal
First batch coverage	16 States/UTs Master Trainers
Core aim	Financial self-reliance of PRIs
Key governance link	Sustainable Development Goals localisation

GS-2SchemeQuick Bite

12.NAVYA Vocational Training Scheme (Adolescent Girls Skill)

PIBNAVYA · MWCD · MSDE

What & Where

NAVYA: pilot vocational‐training scheme for 16–18-yr girls (≥Class 10), non-traditional job roles, joint MWCD–MSDE.

Geography: 27 districts in 19 States, with focus on Aspirational Districts and North-Eastern region.

Approach: Converges PMKVY, PM Vishwakarma; aligns with Viksit Bharat@2047 women-led development vision.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

Convergence; Formal inter-ministerial coordination under PMKVY and PM Vishwakarma for skill certification, credit, and tooling support.
Innovation; Emphasis on non-traditional trades to diversify women’s entry into STEM, manufacturing, services.
Scalability; Pilot intended as template for nationwide skill ecosystem integration.

Social Concerns

Empowerment; Positions adolescent girls as agents of socio-economic transformation and self-reliance.
Inclusion; Targets districts with historic gender, regional, and skill gaps to reduce labour-force disparities.
Awareness; Complements BBBP, Nirbhaya Fund, OSCs to create safe, supportive environment for skilling.

Legal & Policy

Alignment; Supports Constitutional 106th Amendment 2023 that furthers women participation in institutions.
Complementarity; Sits alongside Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, Mahila Shakti Kendra for lifecycle support.
Governance; Joint monitoring by MWCD-MSDE enables data sharing, outcome tracking, funding efficiency.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Full form	Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls
Launch ministries	MWCD + MSDE
Target age	16–18 years
Minimum education	Passed Class 10
Coverage	27 districts, 19 States
Region focus	Aspirational & North-East districts
Key convergence schemes	PMKVY, PM Vishwakarma Yojana
Vision alignment	Viksit Bharat@2047

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2008PYQ 1

What is the name of the scheme which provides training and skills to women in traditional and non-traditional trades?

GS1, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

निम्नलिखित में से किस युवा संगठन/योजना का आदर्श वाक्य “स्वयं से पहले आप (Not me, but you)” है ?

GS-1Editorial

13.Organ Transplantation Challenges in India (Organ Transplant Policy)

The HinduNOTTO · THOTA 1994 · organ shortage

Illustration for Organ Transplantation Challenges in India (Organ Transplant Policy)

What & Where

Organ transplantation – surgical replacement of end-stage kidney, liver, heart, lung with living or deceased donor organ

Key procedures: kidney & partial-liver from living donors; kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine from deceased

India ranks 3rd globally (after USA, China) for absolute transplant numbers, yet faces acute organ shortage

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

THOT Act: governs consent, prohibition of commercial trade, penalties for violations
Network: NOTTO apex, 5 ROTTOs, 14 SOTTOs coordinate allocation and registries
Revision: 65-year upper limit and state-resident condition removed to widen recipient pool

Infrastructure & Manpower

Government hospitals: limited transplant ICUs, overbooked OTs, scarce HLA labs causing procedural delays
Workforce gap: shortage of transplant surgeons, nephrologists, intensivists; frequent transfers lower programme continuity
Recommendation: create dedicated TICUs, fast-track BSD committee approvals via digital platforms

Financial & Access

Ayushman Bharat: excludes liver/heart transplants and lifelong immunosuppressants, burdening poor patients
Proposal: extend scheme coverage, subsidise immunosuppressant drugs, offer performance-linked incentives to teams
Private sector dominance plus absent green corridors restrict affordable, timely organ transport for rural populace

Supply–Demand Gap

Demand: 1 lakh kidneys vs 13.5 k performed; deceased donation rate stagnant below 1 pmp for decade
Geography: Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka lead deceased donation; Delhi-NCR, Kerala excel in living donation

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Kidney transplants 2024	13,476
Recommended annual kidney need	1,00,000
Annual renal failure cases	1.8 lakh
National donor rate	< 1 donor / million
Required donor rate	65 donors / million
Total donors 2014	6,916
Total donors 2022	16,041
Regulating law	THOT Act 1994; amend 2011
2023 guideline shift	Age & domicile caps scrapped
Mandatory unique code	NOTTO-ID within 48 hrs