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18 topicsGS-1: 2GS-2: 6GS-3: 10
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GS-2Polity

1.Election Model Code of Conduct (Election Conduct)

The Hindu
Illustration for Election Model Code of Conduct (Election Conduct)

What & Where

Guideline set regulating political conduct during elections, issued by Election Commission of India (ECI).

Applies across India from poll-schedule announcement to result declaration; termed Model Code of Conduct (MCC).

Ensures level playing field, curbs misuse of state machinery, safeguards free & fair polls.

Quick Facts for MCQs

History & Evolution

  • Timeline: 1960 Kerala origin; 1962 national; 1979-91 tightening; 2013 manifesto norms after Balaji case.
  • Consensus: Adopted voluntarily by all recognised parties, preceding statutory election laws.

Key Restrictions

  • Ministers: New projects, grants, appointments barred once poll schedule announced.
  • Campaign: Communal appeals, hate speech, religious venue use, liquor distribution 48-hour pre-poll banned.
  • Machinery: Government media, transport, rest houses off-limits for partisan use.

Enforcement Challenges

  • Non-statutory: EC lacks punitive bite; disputes linger beyond election cycle.
  • Scheme circumvention: Ongoing programmes relabelled/accelerated, e.g., Telangana subsidy 2023, Bihar cash 2025.
  • Digital threats: AI deepfakes, micro-targeted propaganda hard to monitor under current MCC.

Reform & Tech Measures

  • Statutory push: Proposed MCC Act linked to Representation of the People Act, 1951.
  • Fast-track justice: Dedicated election benches to resolve MCC cases within poll period.
  • AI surveillance: ECI’s cVIGIL app, upcoming AI-Monitor platform promise instant online violation detection.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Origin election1960 Kerala Assembly (voluntary)
National adoption1962 Lok Sabha, all-party consensus
Strict enforcement phasePost-1991 general elections
Latest major revision2013, after Subramaniam Balaji case
Legal statusNon-statutory, moral code
Enforcing authorityElection Commission of India

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following statements about the Election Commission of India is NOT correct?

GS-3Economy

2.Revised Norms for Indian SEZs (Special Economic Zones)

Indian Express

What & Where

Definition: SEZ is a duty-free, deemed-foreign enclave within India under SEZ Act 2005 for trade and taxation.

Types: Export Processing Zone, Free Trade Zone, Industrial Estate, Free Port; example – GIFT City smart SEZ.

Footprint: 276 operational SEZs nationwide, recording USD 163.69 billion exports in 2023-24.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Competitiveness Challenges

  • Tariffs: Higher US duties shrink price edge, forcing firms to absorb losses
  • FDI: Limited inflows due to absent investment treaties, weak promotion, negative perception
  • Attrition: Gems-jewellery exits cut share as overseas incentives outshine Indian regime

Legal & Policy

  • Framework: SEZ Act 2005 soon to be replaced by DESH Bill for flexible Development Hubs
  • Metrics: NFE link ended; performance review to use broader trade and job indicators
  • Recommendation: Baba Kalyani panel sought 3Es status, separate rules for manufacturing and services

Proposed Reforms

  • Reverse-job-work: Allow SEZ units to make goods for DTA with duty neutralisation mechanism
  • Corridors: Integrate zones with DMIC-style industrial corridors plus nearby residential clusters
  • Disputes: Establish commercial courts and international arbitration centres inside SEZs

Global Benchmarks

  • China: Shenzhen mega-cluster shows scale and integrated logistics competitive advantage
  • UAE: Dubai free zones offer 100 percent foreign ownership, zero corporate tax attraction
  • MRAs: India exploring standards recognition pacts with UAE, Singapore, European SEZs for faster clearances

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Governing lawSEZ Act 2005; SEZ Rules 2006
Proposed overhaulDESH/SEZ Amendment Bill 2024
Operational SEZs (2023-24)276
Export value 2023-24USD 163.69 billion
Committee review yearBaba Kalyani Committee 2018
Decline in gems-jewellery units~500 → ~360
Removed performance yardstickNet Foreign Exchange (NFE) criterion
Planned brandingEmployment & Economic Enclaves (3Es)

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS, GS1 2010PYQ 1

The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following :

ESE_GS, GS1 2021PYQ 2

From the following, which facilities are provided for units in the export processing zone?

GS-1History

3.Digital Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum (Tribal Freedom Fighters)

Times of India

What & Where

Digital Museum — first of its kind in India, honours tribal freedom fighters.

Site — Nava Raipur Atal Nagar, Chhattisgarh; inaugurated by Prime Minister.

Core geography — showcases 14 tribal uprisings, chiefly from Chhattisgarh belt.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Digital-leaf panels narrate each uprising via motion graphics.
  • Interactive kiosks enable multilingual access to tribal history.
  • State award promotes ongoing socio-economic initiatives for tribals.

Modern Indian History

  • Veer Narayan Singh led armed resistance coinciding with 1857 revolt.
  • Father Ramasai Singh earlier rebelled against British–Bhosale rule, 1818-19.
  • Execution turned Singh into regional martyr symbol.

Art & Culture

  • Sarguja woodwork entrance blends indigenous motifs and modern sensors.
  • Sculptures of tribal icons foster visual continuity across exhibit halls.
  • Museum legitimises oral histories through immersive curation.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Museum nameShaheed Veer Narayan Singh Memorial & Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum
Tag lineIndia’s first digital museum
LocationNava Raipur Atal Nagar, Chhattisgarh
Entrance craftWood carving by Sarguja artisans
Revolts depicted14, incl. Halba & Sarguja
Key statuesBirsa Munda, Gend Singh
Veer Narayan Singh birth1795, Sonakhan
Tribal affiliationBinjwar tribe
Anti-famine actSeized grain during 1856 famine
Revolt force500 tribal soldiers, 1857
ExecutionDec 1857 by British
First freedom fighter titleFor Chhattisgarh
State honourShaheed Veer Narayan Singh Samman
Award focusTribal & backward-class upliftment
Article sourceTOI, 06 Nov 2025
GS-1Mapping

4.Kunar River Transboundary Profile (Transboundary River)

FP
Illustration for Kunar River Transboundary Profile (Transboundary River)

What & Where

Transboundary Himalayan river; called Kunar in Afghanistan, Chitral in Pakistan

Originates at Chiantar Glacier, Hindu Kush; ~480 km course Pakistan → Afghanistan → back to Pakistan

Meets Kabul River near Jalalabad; joint flow enters Indus at Attock

Quick Facts for MCQs

Transboundary Hydrology

  • Perennial flow driven by Hindu Kush snowmelt and glacier runoff
  • Feeds Kabul River, raising downstream sediment and discharge loads
  • Proposed Afghan dam would modulate seasonal flow variability

Geo-Strategic Dimension

  • India backs Afghan dam, deepening Indo-Afghan strategic linkage
  • Pakistan worries about reduced downstream allocation amid rising scarcity
  • River now a potential hydropolitical flashpoint in South Asia

Resource Significance

  • Irrigates Chitral, Kunar and Nangarhar valley farmlands
  • Presents untapped hydropower potential for energy-deficit Afghanistan
  • Supplies municipal water to border communities on both sides

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Alternate nameChitral River (Pakistan)
Origin glacierChiantar Glacier
Mountain rangeHindu Kush
Total length≈ 480 km
Countries crossedPakistan, Afghanistan
Afghan provincesKunar, Nangarhar
Major tributariesPech, Lotkoh
Confluence cityJalalabad
Final riverIndus at Attock
Basin systemIndus Basin
Key usesIrrigation, drinking water, hydropower
GS-3Environment

5.UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025 (Emissions Gap)

UNEP
Illustration for UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025 (Emissions Gap)

What & Where

UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025: 16th annual audit of disparity between projected GHG emissions and Paris-compatible pathways

Evaluates NDCs, policy trends, temperature outlooks for 1.5 °C & 2 °C limits

Global coverage; issued by United Nations Environment Programme, HQ Nairobi

Quick Facts for MCQs

Ambition Gap

  • Temperature-path 2.3–2.5 °C under updated NDCs; still overshoots Paris ceiling
  • Emissions must drop 35 % (2 °C) or 55 % (1.5 °C) within 12 years
  • 1.5 °C likely breached before 2035, demanding large-scale carbon removals later

Finance & Technology

  • Climate-finance flows only one-third required; need to triple by 2030
  • Solar, wind, battery costs lowest ever, yet capital-cost barrier in developing states
  • Fossil-fuel subsidies $1.3 trn in 2023, five times clean-energy support

Policy Actions

  • UNEP urges immediate coal & oil phase-out, steep near-term emission cuts
  • Recommends debt swaps, concessional finance, operational Loss-&-Damage Fund to unlock investment
  • Calls unified global tracking for emissions and finance to strengthen transparency

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Edition16th (2025)
PublisherUNEP
Warming with current policies2.8 °C
Warming with updated NDCs2.3–2.5 °C
Cut needed by 2035 for 2 °C–35 % vs 2019
Cut needed by 2035 for 1.5 °C–55 % vs 2019
Global NDC coverage≈90 % of emissions
G20 on-track members9
2023 fossil-fuel subsidies> $1.3 trillion

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 1

Which one among the following statements with regard to the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) is NOT correct?

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 2

Which one of the following resolutions in the final agreement reached at COP28 is associated with the target of achieving 'Net Zero by 2050'?

GS-3S&T

6.GW250114 Gravitational Wave Detection (Gravitational Waves)

The Hindu

What & Where

Gravitational-wave event GW250114 from merger of two ~30 M☉ black holes, 1.3 billion light-years distant.

Captured by laser-interferometer network LIGO (USA), Virgo (Italy), KAGRA (Japan).

Clearest waveform yet, enabling stringent black-hole thermodynamics tests.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Sensitivity upgrades: reduced laser noise, advanced mirrors, refined isolation systems.
  • Signal-to-noise boost: produced exceptionally clean inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform.
  • Roadmap: insights guiding Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer design.

Fundamental Physics

  • Entropy link: Horizon area behaves as thermodynamic entropy, never decreasing.
  • Verification: Pre- vs post-merger areas upheld Hawking 1971 prediction.
  • Spin analysis: Waveform reveals final black-hole rotation and energy radiated.

International Collaboration

  • Network synergy: Tri-continental detectors enhance sky localisation and confidence.
  • Data sharing: Real-time pipelines cross-validate triggers, suppress false alarms.
  • Capacity building: Joint operations cultivate global gravitational-wave workforce.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Event nameGW250114
Source objectsTwo ~30 solar-mass black holes
Post-merger objectSingle rotating black hole
Detection distance≈1.3 billion light-years
ObservatoriesLIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network
Detection methodLaser interferometry
Signal qualityHighest signal-to-noise recorded
Theory testedHawking black-hole area theorem
Area changeNet event-horizon area increase

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2019PYQ 1

Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant 'blackholes' billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?

GS1, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

LIGO प्रयोग ने किस एक भविष्यवाणी की पुष्टि की ?

GS-3S&T

7.500 km Quantum Key Distribution Network (Quantum Communication)

DST

What & Where

Quantum Key Distribution: photon-based key exchange using quantum laws; interception alters qubits, flags eavesdropping

First Indian 500 km QKD network: Bengaluru-origin link deployed on existing optical fiber with trusted intermediary nodes

Geography: Built by QNu Labs, supported by DST-run National Quantum Mission, showcased for civilian and defence users

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Mission: National Quantum Mission funds prototype, accelerates quantum-safe communication roadmap
  • Hardware: Quantum Suraksha Kavach enables high-grade encryption integration with classical networks
  • Types: Prepare-and-Measure, Entanglement-based; discrete-variable vs continuous-variable options deployed as needed

Security Dimension

  • Detection: Any photon measurement attempt changes state, instantly revealing eavesdropper
  • Encryption: End-to-end key establishment followed by error correction and privacy amplification
  • Readiness: Positions India among few nations with operational long-haul quantum-secure links

Industry & Innovation

  • Startup: QNu Labs becomes first Indian firm to field 500 km QKD network
  • Integration: Demonstration combines quantum RNG, trusted nodes, existing telecom fiber infrastructure
  • Outlook: Prototype showcases commercial-defence collaboration, hinting at future quantum cybersecurity market

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Network length500 km
Transmission mediumExisting optical fiber
DeveloperQNu Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
Government supportDST under National Quantum Mission
Hardware safeguardQuantum Suraksha Kavach
Randomness sourceQSIP Quantum RNG
Protocol exampleBB84 (Prepare-and-Measure)
QKD categoriesDV-QKD, CV-QKD
Synergy modelSTRIDE civil–military linkage

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2022PYQ 1

"क्यूबिट (qubit)" शब्द का उल्लेख निम्नलिखित में कौन-से एक प्रसंग में होता है ?

GS-3S&T

9.Frontier Technologies Roadmap for Agriculture (Agri Frontier Tech)

PIB

What & Where

Frontier-tech agriculture: AI, IoT, drones, biotech for smarter, sustainable Indian food-fiber-fuel systems.

Digital Agriculture Mission 2.0: umbrella integrating AgriStack, DSS, Soil Mapping, DGCES; guided by Enhance–Reimagine–Converge pillars.

Coverage: Pan-India; farmer archetypes—Aspiring 70-80 %, Transitioning 15-20 %, Advanced 1-2 %.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • AgriStack creates verified Farmer ID linking land, crop, livestock, scheme benefits
  • DSS uses remote sensing plus soil, weather data for crop mapping, insurance precision
  • Frontier CoEs network to co-develop, pilot AI, biotech, robotics solutions

Challenges

  • Data governance gaps, privacy concerns stall unified agri-infra rollout
  • Infrastructure divide: only 45% rural households have internet, limiting tech uptake
  • Capital scarcity hampers high-risk AgTech investment, smallholder credit

Action Agenda

  • Subsidy linkage: DBT conditional on digital tool adoption and demonstrable yield gains
  • Mission-oriented R&D pivot to climate-resilient seeds and precision inputs
  • Regulatory sandboxes, policy foresight units enable anticipatory, agile governance

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Report title“Reimagining Agriculture: Roadmap for Frontier Technology-Led Transformation”
Released byNITI Aayog, Nov 2025
Core mission pillarsEnhance; Reimagine; Converge
Farmer segmentationAspiring 70–80 %; Transitioning 15–20 %; Advanced 1–2 %
Rural internet access45 % households (NFHS-5)
Target digital Farmer IDs11 crore by FY 2026-27
Share of small & marginal86 % of Indian farmers
Key geo-toolKrishi Decision Support System
Extra DAM modulesSoil Profile Mapping; Digital GCE Survey
Talent goalTrain 1 lakh + Krishi Sakhis/extension workers

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following is the latest in series being organized as the largest virtual gathering to create dialogues, and accelerate innovation in agriculture ?

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2022PYQ 2

निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:

GS-3S&TQuick Bite

10.Quantum Chips and NexCAR19 Innovations (Quantum & CAR-T)

PIB

What & Where

QSIP: India-made hardware quantum security chip using quantum key distribution; developed with DST support; launched at ESTIC 2025, Bengaluru.

25-qubit QPU: Nation’s first quantum computing processor by startup QpiAI; forms core of 25-qubit superconducting system QpiAI-Indus.

NexCAR19: Indigenous, humanised CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancers; created by IIT-Bombay spin-off ImmunoACT with DBT-BIRAC backing.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Funding: DST backs QSIP; DBT-BIRAC funds NexCAR19 under Make-in-India biotech push.
  • Startups: QpiAI and ImmunoACT exemplify academia-industry collaboration.
  • Platforms: ESTIC showcases indigenised deep-tech milestones annually.

Security Dimension

  • Post-quantum threat: QSIP counters quantum-enabled cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure.
  • Hardware approach: On-chip key generation avoids reliance on classical software encryption.
  • Strategic value: Indigenous chip reduces import dependence in defence communications.

Health & Biotech

  • Autologous process: Patient’s own T-cells edited, expanded, reinfused, minimizing rejection.
  • Cost curtailment: Domestic CAR-T expected cheaper than imported therapies.
  • Pipeline: Success may accelerate trials for other solid tumours.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch platformESTIC 2025
QSIP full formQuantum Security Integrated Processor
QSIP protection methodQuantum key distribution
QSIP nodal ministryDepartment of Science & Technology
25-qubit QPU developerQpiAI (startup)
QpiAI-Indus spec25 superconducting qubits
NexCAR19 developerImmunoACT, IIT-Bombay spin-off
Supporting agenciesDBT & BIRAC
NexCAR19 claimWorld’s first humanised CAR-T therapy
Primary medical targetAcute Lymphocytic Leukemia
CAR-T therapy principlePatient T-cells genetically engineered with CAR

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2025PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

GS-2Editorial

11.US Federal Government Shutdown (US Budget Impasse)

DH
Illustration for US Federal Government Shutdown (US Budget Impasse)

What & Where

Shutdown: suspension of non-essential US federal operations after budget deadline lapses

Process: Congress fails to pass appropriations; President lacks bill to sign

Geography: impacts entire United States federal bureaucracy and nationwide services

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Record

  • First: 1976 lapse occurred under President Gerald Ford after missed spending bills
  • Count: 22 shutdowns, durations range hours to 36 days
  • Current: 2025 episode now longest, surpassing Trump-era 35-day standoff

Economic Impact

  • Disruption: delayed air traffic, SNAP pauses, national parks and museums shut
  • Pay: 1.4 million employees without salary, dampening consumer spending
  • Ripple: contractor payments stopped, local economies near federal hubs hit

Political Standoff

  • Republicans: seek “clean” resolution omitting pandemic-era healthcare subsidies
  • Democrats: demand subsidy retention, resist social-health spending cuts
  • Constitution: both chambers must pass budget, presidential assent mandatory; impasse halts funds

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Fiscal triggerSpending bill not enacted
Total shutdowns since 197622
First shutdown year1976
Longest shutdown36 days (2025)
Previous longest35 days (2018-19)
Workers affected≈1.4 million furloughed/unpaid
GS-2Polity

12.FATF Expanded Asset Recovery Framework (FATF Guidance)

Times of India

What & Where

FATF issues 340-page global guidance for cross-border identification, seizure, management and return of criminal assets

Scope shifts from pure corruption to fraud, cybercrime, investment scams, money laundering and related economic offences

Applicable worldwide; FATF is an inter-governmental standard-setter headquartered in Paris, France

Quick Facts for MCQs

Scope Expansion

  • Coverage now spans fraud, cybercrime, investment scams, money laundering beyond graft
  • High-risk jurisdictions still monitored via grey/black lists under updated lens
  • Cryptocurrency misuse explicitly targeted within broadened economic offences

Lifecycle Approach

  • Framework details legal setup, investigative tools, asset management, disposal and victim restitution
  • Emphasis on early provisional measures to prevent asset dissipation
  • Strong call for seamless international cooperation and mutual legal assistance

Indian Examples

  • Agri Gold Ponzi ₹6,000 cr restored; cited as best practice
  • IREO realty scam ₹1,800 cr attached showcasing property-linked seizures
  • BitConnect crypto fraud ₹1,646 cr seized; demonstrates digital-asset tracing

Victim Centricity

  • Guidance pushes restitution models; Rose Valley chit-fund referenced for victim repayment
  • Encourages courts to prioritise compensation orders alongside convictions

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Guidance length340 pages
Issued byFinancial Action Task Force (FATF)
New crime coverageFraud, cybercrime, scams, money laundering
Process modelIdentification → Preservation → Management → Repatriation
Victim focusRestitution and compensation promoted
FATF establishment1989, G7 Paris Summit
FATF headquartersParis, France
GS-2Polity

13.India-Bahrain High Joint Commission Outcomes (India-Bahrain HJC)

Indian Express

What & Where

High Joint Commission: apex India-Bahrain forum (FM-level); 5th session held 6 Nov 2025, New Delhi.

Bahrain: 30-island Arab archipelago in SW Persian Gulf; east of Saudi Arabia, west of Qatar; capital Manama.

King Fahd Causeway: 25 km bridge-link joining Bahrain to Saudi, near vital Strait of Hormuz shipping lane.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Counter-terrorism: joint condemnation of cross-border terror; pledge intelligence, cyber-security, capacity-building cooperation.
  • Naval synergy: PASSEX drills, Combined Maritime Forces bolster SLOC security via Bahrain-based US 5th Fleet.
  • Defence outlook: optimism for wider defence equipment and technology collaboration.

Economic Angle

  • Negotiations: CEPA, Bilateral Investment Treaty, DTAA and Trade-Investment Working Group initiated.
  • Commerce value: USD 1.64 bn trade FY24-25; services, fintech, hydrocarbons key sectors.
  • Investments: two-way flows surged 40 % post-2019, signalling investor confidence.

Diaspora & Diplomacy

  • Community weight: 3.32 lakh Indians drive Bahrain’s construction, healthcare, retail sectors; anchor cultural links.
  • Multilateral lever: Bahrain’s 2026-27 UNSC seat aligns with India on West Asian security issues.
  • Act West pivot: Bahrain’s Gulf location reinforces India’s energy, maritime, outreach strategies.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
HJC session5th (2025)
VenueNew Delhi, India
Bilateral trade FY 24-25USD 1.64 billion
Investment growth since 2019≈40 % rise
Indian diaspora in Bahrain~3.32 lakh (≈25 % population)
Bahrain UNSC termNon-permanent 2026-27
Highest pointJabal ad Dukham
Naval hostUS NAVCENT / 5th Fleet

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, ESE_GS 2024PYQ 1

Which of the following statements with regard to the outcomes of the talks between the Prime Minister of India and the President of UAE held in February, 2024 is/are correct?

CAPF_GAI, ESE_GS 2026PYQ 2

What is the name of the initiative launched by India and Denmark in November 2025 to enhance bilateral ties?

GS-2Economy

14.BRICS Pay Cross-Border Payment System (BRICS Pay System)

The Hindu

What & Where

BRICS Pay = joint cross-border payment network of BRICS, unveiled at 2024 Kazan Summit.

Purpose: settle trade & finance directly in local currencies, sidestepping SWIFT / USD.

Geography: spans Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa; links UPI, CIPS, SPFS, Pix.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Strategic Rationale

  • Sovereignty: Curtail USD hegemony; give BRICS bigger rule-making voice.
  • Sanctions-shield: Bypass US/EU restrictions on Russia, Iran-like cases.
  • South–South links: Expand trade finance with Africa, Latin America, Asia.

Implementation Challenges

  • Leadership: China’s CIPS dominance sparks India caution over UPI primacy.
  • Technical: Harmonising messages, security, liquidity across disparate rails.
  • Trust: Non-BRICS banks wary of Western backlash, data security doubts.

Acceleration Measures

  • Roadmap: Begin bilateral swaps, scale to multilateral digital grid region-wise.
  • Incentives: Lower fees, faster clearing vs SWIFT to lure adopters.
  • Interoperability: Common API/spec layer to stitch UPI–CIPS–SPFS–Pix seamlessly.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch summit/yearKazan BRICS, 2024
First BRICS finance pushFortaleza Summit, 2014
Precursor bodiesNew Development Bank; Contingent Reserve Arrangement
Key linked systemsUPI (India), CIPS (China), SPFS (Russia), Pix (Brazil)
SWIFT founding1973, Belgium
SWIFT overseerNational Bank of Belgium + G10 central banks
SWIFT reach11,500 institutions, 200+ countries
Core aim of BRICS PayLocal-currency cross-border settlement & sanctions resiliency

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK 2022PYQ 1

वर्तमान समाचारों में आने वाली SWIFT (विश्वव्यापी अंतर-बैंक वित्तीय टेलीकम्युनिकेशन सोसायटी) क्या है?

GS-3Infrastructure

15.INS Ikshak Survey Vessel (Survey Vessel)

NDTV
Illustration for INS Ikshak Survey Vessel (Survey Vessel)

What & Where

Hydrographic survey vessel conducting coastal & deep-water seabed mapping for safe navigation and blue-economy support.

Ikshak: third Survey Vessel (Large) Sandhayak-class; first SVL based at Southern Naval Command, Kochi.

Operates across Indian EEZ & wider IOR, backing National Hydrographic Office and friendly-nation surveys.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Indigenisation >80 percent local content under Aatmanirbhar Bharat via GRSE–MSME collaboration
  • Sensors Multi-beam echo sounder, side-scan sonar, AUV, ROV, four survey motor boats fitted
  • Automation Integrated Platform Management System with bow & stern thrusters enables precise station-keeping

Security Dimension

  • Navigation Precise charts enhance fleet safety through congested sea lanes
  • Strategic Autonomy Indigenous survey capability reduces foreign dependence for data and platforms
  • HADR Convertible 40-bed hospital with OT, lab, blood bank boosts disaster-relief readiness

Economic Angle

  • Blue Economy Data supports port expansion, undersea cable routing, marine resource mapping
  • Regional Outreach Conducts surveys for Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, aiding maritime diplomacy
  • Infrastructure Accurate seabed charts guide coastal defence installations and channel dredging

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Ship nameINS Ikshak
Class/TypeSurvey Vessel (Large), Sandhayak-class
In-class sequenceThird of four
BuilderGRSE, Kolkata
Indigenous content>80 %
Length110 m
Beam16 m
Displacement3,300 t
Maximum speed18 knots
Crew strength231 sailors + 20 officers
AUV capability1,000 m depth, 24 hr mission
HADR beds40-bed hospital fit
Home portSouthern Naval Command, Kochi
Helicopter facilityDeck for ALH/utility helo

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following ships was involved in ‘Mission Sagar – II’?

CDS_GK 2024PYQ 2

Which one of the following statements about 'INS Tarmugli' is not correct?

GS-3Security

16.Poorvi Prachand Prahar Exercise (Tri-service Exercise)

New Indian Express
Illustration for Poorvi Prachand Prahar Exercise (Tri-service Exercise)

What & Where

Poorvi Prachand Prahar: large-scale tri-service field exercise validating multi-domain combat near Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh, close to the LAC.

Conducted under Indian Armed Forces’ Eastern Command; involves Army Bhairav Battalions, Navy, Air Force assets.

Focus: high-altitude (≈6,000–13,000 ft) terrain, joint tactics, real-time networked operations.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Deterrence: Signals resolve against PLA incursions in Yangtse, Tulung-la sectors.
  • Readiness: Validates rapid mobilisation plus precision-strike options under Eastern theatre.
  • Synergy: Integrates land-air-maritime fires for seamless command response.

Tech Enablers

  • Drones: ISR UAVs and loitering munitions provide high-altitude surveillance, target acquisition.
  • Networks: Real-time operations centres support AI-based decision loops.
  • Precision: Deployment of Divyastra Artillery for guided rocket, missile engagements.

Organisational Setup

  • Formation: Light combat units raised without extra budget via “Save and Raise” reallocation.
  • Joint doctrine: Exercise refines updated tri-service tactics for mountainous warfare.
  • Continuity: Builds on 2023–24 Eastern drills to institutionalise multi-domain operating concepts.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Theatre commandEastern Command
LocationMechuka bowl, Siang valley, Arunachal Pradesh
Services involvedArmy, Navy, Air Force (tri-service)
New model tested“Save and Raise” light combat formations
Key unitsBhairav Battalions, Ashni Platoons, Divyastra Artillery
Tech toolsUAVs, AI-enabled ISR, loitering munitions
Prior drills in seriesBhala Prahar 2023; Poorvi Prahar 2024
Core objectiveInteroperability & deterrence against PLA across LAC

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, NDA_GAT 2023PYQ 1

The 16th edition of Indo-Nepal annual joint training exercise in jungle warfare and counter-terrorism operations was held in December 2022 at Nepal Army Battle School, Saljhandi. What is the name of this exercise?

CDS_GK, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

Which one among the following Joint Military Exercises was NOT conducted between India and USA?

GS-3SecurityQuick Bite

17.DRI Operation WeedOut Drug Seizure (Anti-smuggling Operation)

PIB

What & Where

Operation WeedOut: DRI seizure of high-grade hydroponic cannabis at Mumbai International Airport

Hydroponic cannabis: plants grown in water-based nutrient mix instead of soil, giving higher potency and yield

Consignment flown from Bangkok; action taken under Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Smuggling route Bangkok–Mumbai exploited for premium cannabis trafficking
  • Hydroponic produce lighter, soil-free, harder to detect via conventional scans
  • Coded airport missions disrupt transnational narcotic supply chains

Institutional Setup

  • DRI apex anti-smuggling arm under CBIC, Ministry of Finance
  • Mandate covers drugs, wildlife contraband, customs duty evasion, trade frauds
  • Executes themed crackdowns such as Fire Trail on illegal Chinese fireworks

Legal & Policy

  • NDPS Act 1985 prohibits production, possession, transport of narcotics without licence
  • DRI enforces Customs Act 1962 plus 50+ allied laws incl Arms 1959, COFEPOSA 1974
  • Licensed medical or scientific channels are only permissible route for controlled substances

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Code nameOperation WeedOut
Lead agencyDirectorate of Revenue Intelligence
Formation of DRI1957
Parent bodyCentral Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs
Seizure siteMumbai International Airport
Source cityBangkok
SubstanceHydroponic cannabis
Key law invokedNDPS Act 1985
Other DRI driveOperation Fire Trail
NDPS allows useOnly medical or scientific, under licence
GS-2Scheme

18.National Beekeeping and Honey Mission (Beekeeping Mission)

PIB

What & Where

National Beekeeping & Honey Mission: Central Sector Scheme for scientific beekeeping, quality honey, pollination-led crop gains.

Coverage: Key producer states – UP, WB, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan; exports mainly to USA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya.

Structure: 3 Mini-Missions (production, post-harvest, research) run nationwide by National Bee Board.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Funding covers scientific apiary tools, quality control labs, traceability, FPOs, women-led cooperatives.
  • MM-II supports honey hubs, cold chains, processing, branding for domestic and export compliance.
  • MM-III finances adaptive research on bee species, disease management, floral mapping.

Economic Angle

  • Pollination services targeted to raise crop productivity, indirectly hiking farm incomes.
  • Honey sector positioned as rural micro-enterprise generator, encouraging agri-entrepreneurship.
  • Export thrust aims forex gains via premium, residue-free honey.

Institutional Setup

  • National Bee Board designated nodal authority for policy, capacity building, certification.
  • Chaired by Secretary, Agriculture & Cooperation; interfaces with state horticulture missions.
  • Acts as single-window for training, breeder registration, digital hive tracking.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch year2020 (Atmanirbhar Bharat package)
Scheme type100% Central Sector
Initial outlay₹500 crore for 2020-23
Extended till2025-26
Implementing agencyNational Bee Board (NBB)
Mini-MissionsMM-I Production, MM-II Post-harvest, MM-III R&D
India’s export rank2nd after China (2024)
Top producing state shareUttar Pradesh 17 % of national honey
NBB registrationSociety, 19 July 2000, Societies Act 1860
NBB reconstitutionJune 2006 under Secretary (A&C)
Major export marketsUSA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS 2026PYQ 1

Which organization is responsible for implementing the National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM)?

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