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18 topicsDefense & Security: 2Economy: 2Editorial: 1Environment: 1History: 1Infrastructure: 1Mapping: 1Polity: 3Scheme: 1Science & Technology: 5
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Polity

1.Election Model Code of Conduct (Election Conduct)

The Hindu
Illustration for Election Model Code of Conduct (Election Conduct)

What & Where

Guideline set regulating political conduct during elections, issued by Election Commission of India (ECI).

Applies across India from poll-schedule announcement to result declaration; termed Model Code of Conduct (MCC).

Ensures level playing field, curbs misuse of state machinery, safeguards free & fair polls.

Quick Facts for MCQs

History & Evolution

  • Timeline: 1960 Kerala origin; 1962 national; 1979-91 tightening; 2013 manifesto norms after Balaji case.
  • Consensus: Adopted voluntarily by all recognised parties, preceding statutory election laws.

Key Restrictions

  • Ministers: New projects, grants, appointments barred once poll schedule announced.
  • Campaign: Communal appeals, hate speech, religious venue use, liquor distribution 48-hour pre-poll banned.
  • Machinery: Government media, transport, rest houses off-limits for partisan use.

Enforcement Challenges

  • Non-statutory: EC lacks punitive bite; disputes linger beyond election cycle.
  • Scheme circumvention: Ongoing programmes relabelled/accelerated, e.g., Telangana subsidy 2023, Bihar cash 2025.
  • Digital threats: AI deepfakes, micro-targeted propaganda hard to monitor under current MCC.

Reform & Tech Measures

  • Statutory push: Proposed MCC Act linked to Representation of the People Act, 1951.
  • Fast-track justice: Dedicated election benches to resolve MCC cases within poll period.
  • AI surveillance: ECI’s cVIGIL app, upcoming AI-Monitor platform promise instant online violation detection.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Origin election1960 Kerala Assembly (voluntary)
National adoption1962 Lok Sabha, all-party consensus
Strict enforcement phasePost-1991 general elections
Latest major revision2013, after Subramaniam Balaji case
Legal statusNon-statutory, moral code
Enforcing authorityElection Commission of India

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GEO_GS 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following statements about the Election Commission of India is NOT correct?

Economy

2.Revised Norms for Indian SEZs (Special Economic Zones)

Indian Express

What & Where

Definition: SEZ is a duty-free, deemed-foreign enclave within India under SEZ Act 2005 for trade and taxation.

Types: Export Processing Zone, Free Trade Zone, Industrial Estate, Free Port; example – GIFT City smart SEZ.

Footprint: 276 operational SEZs nationwide, recording USD 163.69 billion exports in 2023-24.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Competitiveness Challenges

  • Tariffs: Higher US duties shrink price edge, forcing firms to absorb losses
  • FDI: Limited inflows due to absent investment treaties, weak promotion, negative perception
  • Attrition: Gems-jewellery exits cut share as overseas incentives outshine Indian regime

Legal & Policy

  • Framework: SEZ Act 2005 soon to be replaced by DESH Bill for flexible Development Hubs
  • Metrics: NFE link ended; performance review to use broader trade and job indicators
  • Recommendation: Baba Kalyani panel sought 3Es status, separate rules for manufacturing and services

Proposed Reforms

  • Reverse-job-work: Allow SEZ units to make goods for DTA with duty neutralisation mechanism
  • Corridors: Integrate zones with DMIC-style industrial corridors plus nearby residential clusters
  • Disputes: Establish commercial courts and international arbitration centres inside SEZs

Global Benchmarks

  • China: Shenzhen mega-cluster shows scale and integrated logistics competitive advantage
  • UAE: Dubai free zones offer 100 percent foreign ownership, zero corporate tax attraction
  • MRAs: India exploring standards recognition pacts with UAE, Singapore, European SEZs for faster clearances

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Governing lawSEZ Act 2005; SEZ Rules 2006
Proposed overhaulDESH/SEZ Amendment Bill 2024
Operational SEZs (2023-24)276
Export value 2023-24USD 163.69 billion
Committee review yearBaba Kalyani Committee 2018
Decline in gems-jewellery units~500 → ~360
Removed performance yardstickNet Foreign Exchange (NFE) criterion
Planned brandingEmployment & Economic Enclaves (3Es)

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS, GS1 2010PYQ 1

The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following :

ESE_GS, GS1 2021PYQ 2

From the following, which facilities are provided for units in the export processing zone?

History

3.Digital Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum (Tribal Freedom Fighters)

Times of India

What & Where

Digital Museum — first of its kind in India, honours tribal freedom fighters.

Site — Nava Raipur Atal Nagar, Chhattisgarh; inaugurated by Prime Minister.

Core geography — showcases 14 tribal uprisings, chiefly from Chhattisgarh belt.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Digital-leaf panels narrate each uprising via motion graphics.
  • Interactive kiosks enable multilingual access to tribal history.
  • State award promotes ongoing socio-economic initiatives for tribals.

Modern Indian History

  • Veer Narayan Singh led armed resistance coinciding with 1857 revolt.
  • Father Ramasai Singh earlier rebelled against British–Bhosale rule, 1818-19.
  • Execution turned Singh into regional martyr symbol.

Art & Culture

  • Sarguja woodwork entrance blends indigenous motifs and modern sensors.
  • Sculptures of tribal icons foster visual continuity across exhibit halls.
  • Museum legitimises oral histories through immersive curation.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Museum nameShaheed Veer Narayan Singh Memorial & Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum
Tag lineIndia’s first digital museum
LocationNava Raipur Atal Nagar, Chhattisgarh
Entrance craftWood carving by Sarguja artisans
Revolts depicted14, incl. Halba & Sarguja
Key statuesBirsa Munda, Gend Singh
Veer Narayan Singh birth1795, Sonakhan
Tribal affiliationBinjwar tribe
Anti-famine actSeized grain during 1856 famine
Revolt force500 tribal soldiers, 1857
ExecutionDec 1857 by British
First freedom fighter titleFor Chhattisgarh
State honourShaheed Veer Narayan Singh Samman
Award focusTribal & backward-class upliftment
Article sourceTOI, 06 Nov 2025
Mapping

4.Kunar River Transboundary Profile (Transboundary River)

FP
Illustration for Kunar River Transboundary Profile (Transboundary River)

What & Where

Transboundary Himalayan river; called Kunar in Afghanistan, Chitral in Pakistan

Originates at Chiantar Glacier, Hindu Kush; ~480 km course Pakistan → Afghanistan → back to Pakistan

Meets Kabul River near Jalalabad; joint flow enters Indus at Attock

Quick Facts for MCQs

Transboundary Hydrology

  • Perennial flow driven by Hindu Kush snowmelt and glacier runoff
  • Feeds Kabul River, raising downstream sediment and discharge loads
  • Proposed Afghan dam would modulate seasonal flow variability

Geo-Strategic Dimension

  • India backs Afghan dam, deepening Indo-Afghan strategic linkage
  • Pakistan worries about reduced downstream allocation amid rising scarcity
  • River now a potential hydropolitical flashpoint in South Asia

Resource Significance

  • Irrigates Chitral, Kunar and Nangarhar valley farmlands
  • Presents untapped hydropower potential for energy-deficit Afghanistan
  • Supplies municipal water to border communities on both sides

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Alternate nameChitral River (Pakistan)
Origin glacierChiantar Glacier
Mountain rangeHindu Kush
Total length≈ 480 km
Countries crossedPakistan, Afghanistan
Afghan provincesKunar, Nangarhar
Major tributariesPech, Lotkoh
Confluence cityJalalabad
Final riverIndus at Attock
Basin systemIndus Basin
Key usesIrrigation, drinking water, hydropower
Environment

5.UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025 (Emissions Gap)

UNEP
Illustration for UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025 (Emissions Gap)

What & Where

UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025: 16th annual audit of disparity between projected GHG emissions and Paris-compatible pathways

Evaluates NDCs, policy trends, temperature outlooks for 1.5 °C & 2 °C limits

Global coverage; issued by United Nations Environment Programme, HQ Nairobi

Quick Facts for MCQs

Ambition Gap

  • Temperature-path 2.3–2.5 °C under updated NDCs; still overshoots Paris ceiling
  • Emissions must drop 35 % (2 °C) or 55 % (1.5 °C) within 12 years
  • 1.5 °C likely breached before 2035, demanding large-scale carbon removals later

Finance & Technology

  • Climate-finance flows only one-third required; need to triple by 2030
  • Solar, wind, battery costs lowest ever, yet capital-cost barrier in developing states
  • Fossil-fuel subsidies $1.3 trn in 2023, five times clean-energy support

Policy Actions

  • UNEP urges immediate coal & oil phase-out, steep near-term emission cuts
  • Recommends debt swaps, concessional finance, operational Loss-&-Damage Fund to unlock investment
  • Calls unified global tracking for emissions and finance to strengthen transparency

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Edition16th (2025)
PublisherUNEP
Warming with current policies2.8 °C
Warming with updated NDCs2.3–2.5 °C
Cut needed by 2035 for 2 °C–35 % vs 2019
Cut needed by 2035 for 1.5 °C–55 % vs 2019
Global NDC coverage≈90 % of emissions
G20 on-track members9
2023 fossil-fuel subsidies> $1.3 trillion

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 1

Which one among the following statements with regard to the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) is NOT correct?

CAPF_GAI, CDS_GK 2024PYQ 2

Which one of the following resolutions in the final agreement reached at COP28 is associated with the target of achieving 'Net Zero by 2050'?

Science & Technology

6.GW250114 Gravitational Wave Detection (Gravitational Waves)

The Hindu

What & Where

Gravitational-wave event GW250114 from merger of two ~30 M☉ black holes, 1.3 billion light-years distant.

Captured by laser-interferometer network LIGO (USA), Virgo (Italy), KAGRA (Japan).

Clearest waveform yet, enabling stringent black-hole thermodynamics tests.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Sensitivity upgrades: reduced laser noise, advanced mirrors, refined isolation systems.
  • Signal-to-noise boost: produced exceptionally clean inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform.
  • Roadmap: insights guiding Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer design.

Fundamental Physics

  • Entropy link: Horizon area behaves as thermodynamic entropy, never decreasing.
  • Verification: Pre- vs post-merger areas upheld Hawking 1971 prediction.
  • Spin analysis: Waveform reveals final black-hole rotation and energy radiated.

International Collaboration

  • Network synergy: Tri-continental detectors enhance sky localisation and confidence.
  • Data sharing: Real-time pipelines cross-validate triggers, suppress false alarms.
  • Capacity building: Joint operations cultivate global gravitational-wave workforce.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Event nameGW250114
Source objectsTwo ~30 solar-mass black holes
Post-merger objectSingle rotating black hole
Detection distance≈1.3 billion light-years
ObservatoriesLIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network
Detection methodLaser interferometry
Signal qualityHighest signal-to-noise recorded
Theory testedHawking black-hole area theorem
Area changeNet event-horizon area increase

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 2019PYQ 1

Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant 'blackholes' billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?

GS1, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

LIGO प्रयोग ने किस एक भविष्यवाणी की पुष्टि की ?

Science & Technology

7.500 km Quantum Key Distribution Network (Quantum Communication)

DST

What & Where

Quantum Key Distribution: photon-based key exchange using quantum laws; interception alters qubits, flags eavesdropping

First Indian 500 km QKD network: Bengaluru-origin link deployed on existing optical fiber with trusted intermediary nodes

Geography: Built by QNu Labs, supported by DST-run National Quantum Mission, showcased for civilian and defence users

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Mission: National Quantum Mission funds prototype, accelerates quantum-safe communication roadmap
  • Hardware: Quantum Suraksha Kavach enables high-grade encryption integration with classical networks
  • Types: Prepare-and-Measure, Entanglement-based; discrete-variable vs continuous-variable options deployed as needed

Security Dimension

  • Detection: Any photon measurement attempt changes state, instantly revealing eavesdropper
  • Encryption: End-to-end key establishment followed by error correction and privacy amplification
  • Readiness: Positions India among few nations with operational long-haul quantum-secure links

Industry & Innovation

  • Startup: QNu Labs becomes first Indian firm to field 500 km QKD network
  • Integration: Demonstration combines quantum RNG, trusted nodes, existing telecom fiber infrastructure
  • Outlook: Prototype showcases commercial-defence collaboration, hinting at future quantum cybersecurity market

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Network length500 km
Transmission mediumExisting optical fiber
DeveloperQNu Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru
Government supportDST under National Quantum Mission
Hardware safeguardQuantum Suraksha Kavach
Randomness sourceQSIP Quantum RNG
Protocol exampleBB84 (Prepare-and-Measure)
QKD categoriesDV-QKD, CV-QKD
Synergy modelSTRIDE civil–military linkage

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2022PYQ 1

"क्यूबिट (qubit)" शब्द का उल्लेख निम्नलिखित में कौन-से एक प्रसंग में होता है ?

Science & Technology

9.Frontier Technologies Roadmap for Agriculture (Agri Frontier Tech)

PIB

What & Where

Frontier-tech agriculture: AI, IoT, drones, biotech for smarter, sustainable Indian food-fiber-fuel systems.

Digital Agriculture Mission 2.0: umbrella integrating AgriStack, DSS, Soil Mapping, DGCES; guided by Enhance–Reimagine–Converge pillars.

Coverage: Pan-India; farmer archetypes—Aspiring 70-80 %, Transitioning 15-20 %, Advanced 1-2 %.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • AgriStack creates verified Farmer ID linking land, crop, livestock, scheme benefits
  • DSS uses remote sensing plus soil, weather data for crop mapping, insurance precision
  • Frontier CoEs network to co-develop, pilot AI, biotech, robotics solutions

Challenges

  • Data governance gaps, privacy concerns stall unified agri-infra rollout
  • Infrastructure divide: only 45% rural households have internet, limiting tech uptake
  • Capital scarcity hampers high-risk AgTech investment, smallholder credit

Action Agenda

  • Subsidy linkage: DBT conditional on digital tool adoption and demonstrable yield gains
  • Mission-oriented R&D pivot to climate-resilient seeds and precision inputs
  • Regulatory sandboxes, policy foresight units enable anticipatory, agile governance

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Report title“Reimagining Agriculture: Roadmap for Frontier Technology-Led Transformation”
Released byNITI Aayog, Nov 2025
Core mission pillarsEnhance; Reimagine; Converge
Farmer segmentationAspiring 70–80 %; Transitioning 15–20 %; Advanced 1–2 %
Rural internet access45 % households (NFHS-5)
Target digital Farmer IDs11 crore by FY 2026-27
Share of small & marginal86 % of Indian farmers
Key geo-toolKrishi Decision Support System
Extra DAM modulesSoil Profile Mapping; Digital GCE Survey
Talent goalTrain 1 lakh + Krishi Sakhis/extension workers

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following is the latest in series being organized as the largest virtual gathering to create dialogues, and accelerate innovation in agriculture ?

CDS_GK, ESE_GS 2022PYQ 2

निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:

Science & TechnologyQuick Bite

10.Quantum Chips and NexCAR19 Innovations (Quantum & CAR-T)

PIB

What & Where

QSIP: India-made hardware quantum security chip using quantum key distribution; developed with DST support; launched at ESTIC 2025, Bengaluru.

25-qubit QPU: Nation’s first quantum computing processor by startup QpiAI; forms core of 25-qubit superconducting system QpiAI-Indus.

NexCAR19: Indigenous, humanised CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancers; created by IIT-Bombay spin-off ImmunoACT with DBT-BIRAC backing.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Funding: DST backs QSIP; DBT-BIRAC funds NexCAR19 under Make-in-India biotech push.
  • Startups: QpiAI and ImmunoACT exemplify academia-industry collaboration.
  • Platforms: ESTIC showcases indigenised deep-tech milestones annually.

Security Dimension

  • Post-quantum threat: QSIP counters quantum-enabled cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure.
  • Hardware approach: On-chip key generation avoids reliance on classical software encryption.
  • Strategic value: Indigenous chip reduces import dependence in defence communications.

Health & Biotech

  • Autologous process: Patient’s own T-cells edited, expanded, reinfused, minimizing rejection.
  • Cost curtailment: Domestic CAR-T expected cheaper than imported therapies.
  • Pipeline: Success may accelerate trials for other solid tumours.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch platformESTIC 2025
QSIP full formQuantum Security Integrated Processor
QSIP protection methodQuantum key distribution
QSIP nodal ministryDepartment of Science & Technology
25-qubit QPU developerQpiAI (startup)
QpiAI-Indus spec25 superconducting qubits
NexCAR19 developerImmunoACT, IIT-Bombay spin-off
Supporting agenciesDBT & BIRAC
NexCAR19 claimWorld’s first humanised CAR-T therapy
Primary medical targetAcute Lymphocytic Leukemia
CAR-T therapy principlePatient T-cells genetically engineered with CAR

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2025PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

Editorial

11.US Federal Government Shutdown (US Budget Impasse)

DH
Illustration for US Federal Government Shutdown (US Budget Impasse)

What & Where

Shutdown: suspension of non-essential US federal operations after budget deadline lapses

Process: Congress fails to pass appropriations; President lacks bill to sign

Geography: impacts entire United States federal bureaucracy and nationwide services

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Record

  • First: 1976 lapse occurred under President Gerald Ford after missed spending bills
  • Count: 22 shutdowns, durations range hours to 36 days
  • Current: 2025 episode now longest, surpassing Trump-era 35-day standoff

Economic Impact

  • Disruption: delayed air traffic, SNAP pauses, national parks and museums shut
  • Pay: 1.4 million employees without salary, dampening consumer spending
  • Ripple: contractor payments stopped, local economies near federal hubs hit

Political Standoff

  • Republicans: seek “clean” resolution omitting pandemic-era healthcare subsidies
  • Democrats: demand subsidy retention, resist social-health spending cuts
  • Constitution: both chambers must pass budget, presidential assent mandatory; impasse halts funds

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Fiscal triggerSpending bill not enacted
Total shutdowns since 197622
First shutdown year1976
Longest shutdown36 days (2025)
Previous longest35 days (2018-19)
Workers affected≈1.4 million furloughed/unpaid
Polity

12.FATF Expanded Asset Recovery Framework (FATF Guidance)

Times of India

What & Where

FATF issues 340-page global guidance for cross-border identification, seizure, management and return of criminal assets

Scope shifts from pure corruption to fraud, cybercrime, investment scams, money laundering and related economic offences

Applicable worldwide; FATF is an inter-governmental standard-setter headquartered in Paris, France

Quick Facts for MCQs

Scope Expansion

  • Coverage now spans fraud, cybercrime, investment scams, money laundering beyond graft
  • High-risk jurisdictions still monitored via grey/black lists under updated lens
  • Cryptocurrency misuse explicitly targeted within broadened economic offences

Lifecycle Approach

  • Framework details legal setup, investigative tools, asset management, disposal and victim restitution
  • Emphasis on early provisional measures to prevent asset dissipation
  • Strong call for seamless international cooperation and mutual legal assistance

Indian Examples

  • Agri Gold Ponzi ₹6,000 cr restored; cited as best practice
  • IREO realty scam ₹1,800 cr attached showcasing property-linked seizures
  • BitConnect crypto fraud ₹1,646 cr seized; demonstrates digital-asset tracing

Victim Centricity

  • Guidance pushes restitution models; Rose Valley chit-fund referenced for victim repayment
  • Encourages courts to prioritise compensation orders alongside convictions

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Guidance length340 pages
Issued byFinancial Action Task Force (FATF)
New crime coverageFraud, cybercrime, scams, money laundering
Process modelIdentification → Preservation → Management → Repatriation
Victim focusRestitution and compensation promoted
FATF establishment1989, G7 Paris Summit
FATF headquartersParis, France
Polity

13.India-Bahrain High Joint Commission Outcomes (India-Bahrain HJC)

Indian Express

What & Where

High Joint Commission: apex India-Bahrain forum (FM-level); 5th session held 6 Nov 2025, New Delhi.

Bahrain: 30-island Arab archipelago in SW Persian Gulf; east of Saudi Arabia, west of Qatar; capital Manama.

King Fahd Causeway: 25 km bridge-link joining Bahrain to Saudi, near vital Strait of Hormuz shipping lane.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Counter-terrorism: joint condemnation of cross-border terror; pledge intelligence, cyber-security, capacity-building cooperation.
  • Naval synergy: PASSEX drills, Combined Maritime Forces bolster SLOC security via Bahrain-based US 5th Fleet.
  • Defence outlook: optimism for wider defence equipment and technology collaboration.

Economic Angle

  • Negotiations: CEPA, Bilateral Investment Treaty, DTAA and Trade-Investment Working Group initiated.
  • Commerce value: USD 1.64 bn trade FY24-25; services, fintech, hydrocarbons key sectors.
  • Investments: two-way flows surged 40 % post-2019, signalling investor confidence.

Diaspora & Diplomacy

  • Community weight: 3.32 lakh Indians drive Bahrain’s construction, healthcare, retail sectors; anchor cultural links.
  • Multilateral lever: Bahrain’s 2026-27 UNSC seat aligns with India on West Asian security issues.
  • Act West pivot: Bahrain’s Gulf location reinforces India’s energy, maritime, outreach strategies.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
HJC session5th (2025)
VenueNew Delhi, India
Bilateral trade FY 24-25USD 1.64 billion
Investment growth since 2019≈40 % rise
Indian diaspora in Bahrain~3.32 lakh (≈25 % population)
Bahrain UNSC termNon-permanent 2026-27
Highest pointJabal ad Dukham
Naval hostUS NAVCENT / 5th Fleet

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, ESE_GS 2024PYQ 1

Which of the following statements with regard to the outcomes of the talks between the Prime Minister of India and the President of UAE held in February, 2024 is/are correct?

CAPF_GAI, ESE_GS 2026PYQ 2

What is the name of the initiative launched by India and Denmark in November 2025 to enhance bilateral ties?

Economy

14.BRICS Pay Cross-Border Payment System (BRICS Pay System)

The Hindu

What & Where

BRICS Pay = joint cross-border payment network of BRICS, unveiled at 2024 Kazan Summit.

Purpose: settle trade & finance directly in local currencies, sidestepping SWIFT / USD.

Geography: spans Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa; links UPI, CIPS, SPFS, Pix.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Strategic Rationale

  • Sovereignty: Curtail USD hegemony; give BRICS bigger rule-making voice.
  • Sanctions-shield: Bypass US/EU restrictions on Russia, Iran-like cases.
  • South–South links: Expand trade finance with Africa, Latin America, Asia.

Implementation Challenges

  • Leadership: China’s CIPS dominance sparks India caution over UPI primacy.
  • Technical: Harmonising messages, security, liquidity across disparate rails.
  • Trust: Non-BRICS banks wary of Western backlash, data security doubts.

Acceleration Measures

  • Roadmap: Begin bilateral swaps, scale to multilateral digital grid region-wise.
  • Incentives: Lower fees, faster clearing vs SWIFT to lure adopters.
  • Interoperability: Common API/spec layer to stitch UPI–CIPS–SPFS–Pix seamlessly.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch summit/yearKazan BRICS, 2024
First BRICS finance pushFortaleza Summit, 2014
Precursor bodiesNew Development Bank; Contingent Reserve Arrangement
Key linked systemsUPI (India), CIPS (China), SPFS (Russia), Pix (Brazil)
SWIFT founding1973, Belgium
SWIFT overseerNational Bank of Belgium + G10 central banks
SWIFT reach11,500 institutions, 200+ countries
Core aim of BRICS PayLocal-currency cross-border settlement & sanctions resiliency

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK 2022PYQ 1

वर्तमान समाचारों में आने वाली SWIFT (विश्वव्यापी अंतर-बैंक वित्तीय टेलीकम्युनिकेशन सोसायटी) क्या है?

Infrastructure

15.INS Ikshak Survey Vessel (Survey Vessel)

NDTV
Illustration for INS Ikshak Survey Vessel (Survey Vessel)

What & Where

Hydrographic survey vessel conducting coastal & deep-water seabed mapping for safe navigation and blue-economy support.

Ikshak: third Survey Vessel (Large) Sandhayak-class; first SVL based at Southern Naval Command, Kochi.

Operates across Indian EEZ & wider IOR, backing National Hydrographic Office and friendly-nation surveys.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Indigenisation >80 percent local content under Aatmanirbhar Bharat via GRSE–MSME collaboration
  • Sensors Multi-beam echo sounder, side-scan sonar, AUV, ROV, four survey motor boats fitted
  • Automation Integrated Platform Management System with bow & stern thrusters enables precise station-keeping

Security Dimension

  • Navigation Precise charts enhance fleet safety through congested sea lanes
  • Strategic Autonomy Indigenous survey capability reduces foreign dependence for data and platforms
  • HADR Convertible 40-bed hospital with OT, lab, blood bank boosts disaster-relief readiness

Economic Angle

  • Blue Economy Data supports port expansion, undersea cable routing, marine resource mapping
  • Regional Outreach Conducts surveys for Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, aiding maritime diplomacy
  • Infrastructure Accurate seabed charts guide coastal defence installations and channel dredging

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Ship nameINS Ikshak
Class/TypeSurvey Vessel (Large), Sandhayak-class
In-class sequenceThird of four
BuilderGRSE, Kolkata
Indigenous content>80 %
Length110 m
Beam16 m
Displacement3,300 t
Maximum speed18 knots
Crew strength231 sailors + 20 officers
AUV capability1,000 m depth, 24 hr mission
HADR beds40-bed hospital fit
Home portSouthern Naval Command, Kochi
Helicopter facilityDeck for ALH/utility helo

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK 2021PYQ 1

Which one of the following ships was involved in ‘Mission Sagar – II’?

CDS_GK 2024PYQ 2

Which one of the following statements about 'INS Tarmugli' is not correct?

Defense & Security

16.Poorvi Prachand Prahar Exercise (Tri-service Exercise)

New Indian Express
Illustration for Poorvi Prachand Prahar Exercise (Tri-service Exercise)

What & Where

Poorvi Prachand Prahar: large-scale tri-service field exercise validating multi-domain combat near Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh, close to the LAC.

Conducted under Indian Armed Forces’ Eastern Command; involves Army Bhairav Battalions, Navy, Air Force assets.

Focus: high-altitude (≈6,000–13,000 ft) terrain, joint tactics, real-time networked operations.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Deterrence: Signals resolve against PLA incursions in Yangtse, Tulung-la sectors.
  • Readiness: Validates rapid mobilisation plus precision-strike options under Eastern theatre.
  • Synergy: Integrates land-air-maritime fires for seamless command response.

Tech Enablers

  • Drones: ISR UAVs and loitering munitions provide high-altitude surveillance, target acquisition.
  • Networks: Real-time operations centres support AI-based decision loops.
  • Precision: Deployment of Divyastra Artillery for guided rocket, missile engagements.

Organisational Setup

  • Formation: Light combat units raised without extra budget via “Save and Raise” reallocation.
  • Joint doctrine: Exercise refines updated tri-service tactics for mountainous warfare.
  • Continuity: Builds on 2023–24 Eastern drills to institutionalise multi-domain operating concepts.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Theatre commandEastern Command
LocationMechuka bowl, Siang valley, Arunachal Pradesh
Services involvedArmy, Navy, Air Force (tri-service)
New model tested“Save and Raise” light combat formations
Key unitsBhairav Battalions, Ashni Platoons, Divyastra Artillery
Tech toolsUAVs, AI-enabled ISR, loitering munitions
Prior drills in seriesBhala Prahar 2023; Poorvi Prahar 2024
Core objectiveInteroperability & deterrence against PLA across LAC

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, NDA_GAT 2023PYQ 1

The 16th edition of Indo-Nepal annual joint training exercise in jungle warfare and counter-terrorism operations was held in December 2022 at Nepal Army Battle School, Saljhandi. What is the name of this exercise?

CDS_GK, NDA_GAT 2024PYQ 2

Which one among the following Joint Military Exercises was NOT conducted between India and USA?

Defense & SecurityQuick Bite

17.DRI Operation WeedOut Drug Seizure (Anti-smuggling Operation)

PIB

What & Where

Operation WeedOut: DRI seizure of high-grade hydroponic cannabis at Mumbai International Airport

Hydroponic cannabis: plants grown in water-based nutrient mix instead of soil, giving higher potency and yield

Consignment flown from Bangkok; action taken under Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985

Quick Facts for MCQs

Security Dimension

  • Smuggling route Bangkok–Mumbai exploited for premium cannabis trafficking
  • Hydroponic produce lighter, soil-free, harder to detect via conventional scans
  • Coded airport missions disrupt transnational narcotic supply chains

Institutional Setup

  • DRI apex anti-smuggling arm under CBIC, Ministry of Finance
  • Mandate covers drugs, wildlife contraband, customs duty evasion, trade frauds
  • Executes themed crackdowns such as Fire Trail on illegal Chinese fireworks

Legal & Policy

  • NDPS Act 1985 prohibits production, possession, transport of narcotics without licence
  • DRI enforces Customs Act 1962 plus 50+ allied laws incl Arms 1959, COFEPOSA 1974
  • Licensed medical or scientific channels are only permissible route for controlled substances

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Code nameOperation WeedOut
Lead agencyDirectorate of Revenue Intelligence
Formation of DRI1957
Parent bodyCentral Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs
Seizure siteMumbai International Airport
Source cityBangkok
SubstanceHydroponic cannabis
Key law invokedNDPS Act 1985
Other DRI driveOperation Fire Trail
NDPS allows useOnly medical or scientific, under licence
Scheme

18.National Beekeeping and Honey Mission (Beekeeping Mission)

PIB

What & Where

National Beekeeping & Honey Mission: Central Sector Scheme for scientific beekeeping, quality honey, pollination-led crop gains.

Coverage: Key producer states – UP, WB, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan; exports mainly to USA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya.

Structure: 3 Mini-Missions (production, post-harvest, research) run nationwide by National Bee Board.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

  • Funding covers scientific apiary tools, quality control labs, traceability, FPOs, women-led cooperatives.
  • MM-II supports honey hubs, cold chains, processing, branding for domestic and export compliance.
  • MM-III finances adaptive research on bee species, disease management, floral mapping.

Economic Angle

  • Pollination services targeted to raise crop productivity, indirectly hiking farm incomes.
  • Honey sector positioned as rural micro-enterprise generator, encouraging agri-entrepreneurship.
  • Export thrust aims forex gains via premium, residue-free honey.

Institutional Setup

  • National Bee Board designated nodal authority for policy, capacity building, certification.
  • Chaired by Secretary, Agriculture & Cooperation; interfaces with state horticulture missions.
  • Acts as single-window for training, breeder registration, digital hive tracking.

Key Data Points

FeatureData-Point
Launch year2020 (Atmanirbhar Bharat package)
Scheme type100% Central Sector
Initial outlay₹500 crore for 2020-23
Extended till2025-26
Implementing agencyNational Bee Board (NBB)
Mini-MissionsMM-I Production, MM-II Post-harvest, MM-III R&D
India’s export rank2nd after China (2024)
Top producing state shareUttar Pradesh 17 % of national honey
NBB registrationSociety, 19 July 2000, Societies Act 1860
NBB reconstitutionJune 2006 under Secretary (A&C)
Major export marketsUSA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

ESE_GS 2026PYQ 1

Which organization is responsible for implementing the National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM)?

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