Friday, 31 January 2025

UPSC Current Affairs

Q: Consider the following statements:

The correct answer is (a) 1 only. This question appeared in GS1 2019.

Q: Which one of the following activities of the Reserve Bank of India is considered to be part of ‘sterilization’?

The correct answer is (a) Conducting ‘Open Market Operations’. This question appeared in GS1 2023.

Q: Economic Survey in India is published officially, every year by the

The correct answer is (a) Reserve Bank of India. This question appeared in CAPF_GAI, GS1 1998.

Q: Which one among the following is the estimated fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP of India in the Budget Estimates of 2025-26?

The correct answer is (a) 4.8 percent. This question appeared in CAPF_GAI, GS1 2025.

Q: Which one of the following is not a fund managed by NIIFL (National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited)?

The correct answer is (a) Master Fund. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 2024.

Q: With reference to the National Investment Fund to which the disinvestment proceeds are routed, consider the following statements :

The correct answer is (a) 1 and 2. This question appeared in CDS_GK, GS1 2010.

Q: In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found ?

The correct answer is (a) Nilgiri Hills. This question appeared in GS1 2009.

Q: The tribal population in Andaman and Nicobar Islands belongs to the

The correct answer is (a) Australoid race. This question appeared in GS1 1997.

Q: Consider the following statements:

The correct answer is (d) 1, 2 and 3. This question appeared in GS1 2020.

Q: Consider the following:

The correct answer is (d) 1, 2 and 3. This question appeared in GS1 2011.

19 topicsGS-1: 7GS-2: 2GS-3: 10

0/19 done

GS-2Polity

1.Payment and Settlement Systems Act Provisions (Payment Systems Law)

Economic TimesPSS Act 2007 · RBI oversight · payment system authorization

What & Where

Legislation; Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 regulates all payment systems across India

Authority; Reserve Bank of India empowered for authorisation, supervision, enforcement

Process; Act grants legal netting & settlement finality, fostering stable, efficient, consumer-safe payments

Quick Facts for MCQs

Legal & Policy

Objective; ensure financial stability, efficiency, consumer protection within national payment ecosystem
Provision; establishes netting, settlement finality as legally enforceable concepts
Clarification; key terms defined—payment system, instruction, obligation, settlement

Regulatory Powers

Authorization; RBI may grant, refuse, suspend licences for payment systems
Enforcement; RBI conducts inspections, can direct corrective measures, impose monetary penalties
Compounding; central bank empowered to compound offences, avoiding protracted court proceedings

Scope & Exemptions

Inclusion; Act spans funds, securities, forex, derivative settlement infrastructures
Extension; applies to FMIs like central counterparties and trade repositories
Exclusion; activities under stock exchanges remain outside PSS Act ambit

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Enactment year	2007
Admin authority	Reserve Bank of India
Mandatory authorisation	Required before operating any payment system
Penalty ceiling	₹10 lakh or 2× contravention amount, whichever higher
Compounding	RBI may settle non-imprisonable offences out of court
Oversight body	BPSS, committee of RBI Central Board
Coverage	Card networks, money transfers, FMIs (CCP, SSS, TR)
Exemption clause	Stock exchanges & their clearing corps (Sec 34)
Latest tweak (2024)	Stricter norms for penalties & compounding issued by RBI

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2019PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

GS1 2023PYQ 2

Which one of the following activities of the Reserve Bank of India is considered to be part of ‘sterilization’?

GS-3Economy

2.Economic Survey 2024-25 Highlights (Economic Survey)

PIBEconomic Survey 2024-25 · Chief Economic Adviser · GDP outlook

What & Where

Economic Survey: annual government report reviewing and forecasting the Indian economy, tabled a day before the Union Budget.

Preparation: drafted by Economic Division, Ministry of Finance under Chief Economic Adviser.

Presentation: laid in Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha by the Union Finance Minister.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Global Economy

IMF_projection: 2024 world growth 3.2 %; manufacturing softened by supply-chain issues, services robust.
Inflation_trend: headline easing yet services inflation sticky, prompting divergent central-bank stances.

Sectoral Performance

Agriculture_growth: 3.8 % FY25 backed by record Kharif output and healthy rural demand.
Manufacturing_growth: 6.2 % FY25 but momentum hampered by weak external orders.
Services_growth: 7.2 % FY25; IT, finance, hospitality remain principal drivers.

External & Fiscal Challenges

Trade_balance: exports +1.6 %, imports +5.2 %; deficit widens despite 11.6 % services export surge.
Remittances_flow: India retains world lead, cushioning CAD to 1.2 % of GDP.
State_finances: higher subsidies and tepid tax mobilisation elevate sub-national fiscal stress.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
First presentation	1950-51 (within Budget)
Became separate document	1964
Real GDP growth FY25 est.	6.4 %
GDP growth band FY26	6.3–6.8 %
Agriculture growth FY25	3.8 %
Industry & Manufacturing FY25	6.2 %
Services growth FY25	7.2 %
CAD FY25 (estimate)	1.2 % of GDP
Overall export growth 9 m FY25	6 % YoY
Services export growth	11.6 % YoY
Merchandise export growth	1.6 % YoY
Merchandise import growth	5.2 % YoY
Global GDP growth 2024 (IMF)	3.2 %

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CAPF_GAI, GS1 1998PYQ 1

Economic Survey in India is published officially, every year by the

CAPF_GAI, GS1 2025PYQ 2

Which one among the following is the estimated fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP of India in the Budget Estimates of 2025-26?

GS-3Economy

3.Need for Indian Sovereign Wealth Fund (Sovereign Wealth Fund)

Financial ExpressBharat Sovereign Wealth Fund · state surpluses · Santiago Principles

What & Where

Definition: Government-owned investment fund deploying surplus reserves into financial assets for long-term national wealth creation

Types: Stabilization, Future-generation, Pension-reserve, Reserve-investment, Strategic-development funds per Santiago Principles

Current move: India examining Bharat Sovereign Wealth Fund to monetise PSU equity and excess forex holdings

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Context

2007-08: Capital inflow USD 108 bn triggered first SWF debate in India
2010-11: Planning Commission proposed USD 10 bn SWF using reserves, PSUs, budget
2015: National Infrastructure Investment Fund became India’s lone quasi-SWF

Economic Angle

Diversification: Shift part of forex from low-yield US Treasuries to higher-return global assets
Strategic sectors: Target EVs, hydrogen, semiconductors, biotech, AI for growth leadership
Soft power: Ability to co-invest abroad, fund disaster relief, elevate global influence

Risk Factors

Deficits: India runs chronic current-account and fiscal gaps unlike surplus-rich SWF nations
Macro shock: Global slowdown, tighter credit could slash returns, strain fiscal buffers
ESG threat: Fossil-heavy portfolios risk stranded assets amid climate policies

Governance & Strategy

Framework: Align with Santiago Principles for transparency, accountability, prudence
Phasing: Gradual capital allocation to protect fiscal discipline while scaling fund
Co-investment: Partner global funds to import expertise, share risk, amplify ticket size

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Santiago Principles year	2008
Largest SWF & corpus	Norway GPFG ≈ USD 1.7 trn
Planned Indian fund name	Bharat Sovereign Wealth Fund / The Bharat Fund
Potential PSU wealth unlocked	₹40 lakh cr ≈ USD 450-500 bn
Annual gain from 2 % PSU sell-down	> USD 10 bn
Resultant deficit drop	4.9 % → 4.6 % of GDP
Forex reserve cover	> 9 months imports
NIIF establishment	2015

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2024PYQ 1

Which one of the following is not a fund managed by NIIFL (National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited)?

CDS_GK, GS1 2010PYQ 2

With reference to the National Investment Fund to which the disinvestment proceeds are routed, consider the following statements :

GS-3Economy

4.Contract Farming Benefits in India (Contract Farming)

Indian Expresscontract farming · price assurance · processed potatoes

What & Where

Contract farming – pre-season pact on price, quantity, quality, delivery between farmer and buyer

Usage concentrated in India for processed potatoes; scalable to other high-value crops and regions

Potato belt: Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar; India ranks 2nd globally after China

Quick Facts for MCQs

Economic Angle

Guaranteed-price contracts cut wastage, stabilise returns, raise farm incomes
Firms supply credit, seed, know-how, boosting yields and operational efficiency
Disintermediation lowers consumer prices, strengthens value-chain competitiveness

Social Concerns

Smallholders face weak bargaining power, risk exploitative clauses and forced cultivation
Cash-crop focus under contracts may erode local food security staples
Input-controlled contracts can erode de-facto land autonomy of growers

Environmental Impact

Monocropping intensifies pest pressure, pesticide and fertiliser load
High water demand under intensive contracts stresses aquifers
Continuous contract cycles risk long-term soil and ecosystem degradation

Legal & Policy

2003 Model APMR Act mandates contractor registration, protects land, waives market fee
2018 draft Act proposes state authorities, FPO promotion, produce insurance, quick dispute redressal
Reforms urged: land consolidation, FPO clustering to widen farmer negotiation space

Potato Case Study

Processed potato contracts cited as India’s flagship success, template for other perishables
2016 PepsiCo sued Gujarat farmers over FL 2027; compensation demanded
2024 Delhi HC reinstated PepsiCo’s FL 2027 registration under PPV&FR Act, dispute revived

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Farmers’ share in fruit/veg retail price	31 % – 43 % (RBI)
Global potato rank	India 2nd, after China
Major CPRI releases	Kufri potato varieties
Model APMR Act year	2003
Model Contract Farming Act draft	2018
Disputed PepsiCo variety	FL 2027
Delhi HC order on FL 2027	2024

GS-1History

5.Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Maratha Ruler (Maratha Ruler)

PIBAhilyabai Holkar · Holkar dynasty · Maheshwar capital

Illustration for Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Maratha Ruler (Maratha Ruler)

What & Where

Ahilyabai Holkar (1725-1795) – Holkar queen who ruled Malwa after 1767 under Maratha Confederacy

Shifted capital from Indore to Maheshwar on the Narmada, present-day Madhya Pradesh

300th birth anniversary observed by IGNCA and Lokmata Ahilyabai Trishatabdi Samaroh Samiti

Quick Facts for MCQs

Governance & Justice

Daily Darbar; direct hearing and speedy redressal of grievances
Impartial justice; sentenced own son for homicide offense
Widow rights; annulled confiscation laws safeguarding property inheritance

Economic Initiatives

Maheshwar textile workshops; promoted Maheshwari saree craft and local employment
Trade encouragement; balanced treasury without heavy taxation
Industrial mindset; supported artisans and weavers across Malwa

Religious & Cultural Works

Temple building spree; funded shrines ghats dharamshalas nationwide including Dashashwamedh Ghat Varanasi
Kashi Vishwanath reconstruction 1780; financed shikhara gilding and rituals
Ganga water supply networks; ensured continuous holy water to distant temples

Military & Security

Personally led troops protecting Indore against Maratha Nizam Afghan raids
Strengthened cavalry under Tukoji Rao Holkar maintaining Malwa stability
Fortification repairs along Narmada; deterred plundering bands

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Birth date	31 May 1725
Birthplace	Chondi village, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
Father	Mankoji Shinde, village Patil
Marriage	Khanderao Holkar, 1733, age 8
Reign period	1767 – 1795
Dynasty seat	Holkar dynasty of Indore
Capital chosen	Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh
Key temple rebuilt	Kashi Vishwanath, 1780
Textile legacy	Initiated Maheshwari saree weaving
Army chief named	Tukoji Rao Holkar

GS-1History

6.Nicobarese Tribe Migration Genetics Study (Nicobarese Tribe)

The HinduNicobar Islands · Austroasiatic language · DNA analysis

Illustration for Nicobarese Tribe Migration Genetics Study (Nicobarese Tribe)

What & Where

Nicobarese = Austroasiatic-speaking Scheduled Tribe resident on 19 Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar UT.

Advanced genome analysis now dates Southeast Asian ancestor arrival to ~5,000 BP, revising earlier 11,000 BP estimate.

Key islands: Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Nancowrie, Great Nicobar (southernmost, largest; hilly + flat terrains).

Quick Facts for MCQs

Genetic Findings

Whole-genome sequencing clarifies Southeast Asian, not South Asian, ancestral source.
Isolation minimizes gene flow, aiding precise phylogenetic tracing.
Study appears in European Journal of Human Genetics, 2025.

Social Structure

Tuhet decides land use, marriage, conflict resolution collectively.
No individual land title; resources managed for clan welfare.
Patriarch leads but consensus customary.

Geography & Demography

Nicobars located between 6°–10° N latitudes, guarding Malacca trade route.
Great Nicobar hosts biosphere reserve & proposed transhipment port.
Shompen inhabit interior rainforest, semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Revised migration date	≈ 5,000 years ago
Earlier estimate	> 11,000 years ago
DNA evidence links	Htin Mal (Laos–Thailand)
Linguistic family	Austroasiatic, Khmuic branch
Ethnic stock	Mongoloid
Population (approx.)	27,000+
Territorial group count	Six (incl. Shompen inland)
Family unit name	Tuhet (patriarchal joint)
Ownership pattern	Collective land, coconut, pigs
Isolation effect	High genetic purity, low admixture

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2009PYQ 1

In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found ?

GS1 1997PYQ 2

The tribal population in Andaman and Nicobar Islands belongs to the

GS-1HistoryQuick Bite

7.Mahatma Gandhi Martyrs’ Day Observance (Martyrs' Day)

Indian ExpressShaheed Diwas · 30 January 1948 · Nathuram Godse

What & Where

Martyrs' Day/Shaheed Diwas – national remembrance day for freedom-struggle martyrs

Primary observance 30 January nationwide; focal ceremony at Raj Ghat, Delhi

Secondary observance 23 March honours Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev

Quick Facts for MCQs

Historical Context

Assassination 30 Jan 1948 occurred during evening prayer meeting
Event intensified nationwide commitment to non-violence and unity

Key Personalities

Mahatma Gandhi titled Father of Nation; led non-violent freedom movement
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev executed 23 Mar 1931 for Lahore Conspiracy case

Observance Practices

Two-minute silence at 11 AM on 30 January across government offices
Wreath-laying, bhajans, all-faith prayers conducted at Raj Ghat

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Primary Martyrs’ Day	30 January
Year of Gandhi assassination	1948
Assassin	Nathuram Godse
Assassination venue	Birla House, Delhi
Main prayer location	Raj Ghat memorial
Secondary Martyrs’ Day	23 March
Revolutionaries commemorated 23 March	Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar
Core purpose	Honour sacrifice for Indian independence

GS-1Mapping

8.Kurdistan Region Mapping Overview (Middle East Region)

DD NewsErbil · Zagros Mountains · Tigris River

Illustration for Kurdistan Region Mapping Overview (Middle East Region)

What & Where

Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI); semi-autonomous area in north Iraq governed by Kurdistan Regional Government.

Core geography: Zagros Mountains, Tigris & Greater Zab rivers; continental climate with hot summers, cold snowy winters.

Borders: Turkey, Iran, Syria, Baghdad-controlled Iraq; capital at Erbil.

Quick Facts for MCQs

India's Humanitarian Aid

Dispatch: India air-lifted bronchodilators, inhalers, ventilators to Erbil hospital network.
Objective: Strengthen health infrastructure; projects India’s soft-power and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” ethos.
Continuity: Follows earlier Covid-19 assistance to Iraq; reinforces bilateral goodwill.

Physical Geography

Topography: Rugged mountains create natural northern and eastern frontiers with Turkey, Iran.
Hydrology: River valleys sustain agriculture, urban belts, hydro-potential within arid Mesopotamian context.
Climate impact: Snowmelt feeds rivers; harsh winters influence settlement patterns and transport.

Governance & Politics

Autonomy: Kurdistan Regional Government holds executive, legislative authority yet disputed by Baghdad over budgets, oil rights.
Legislature: Unicameral Kurdistan Parliament seated in Erbil, elected periodically.
Security forces: Peshmerga under KRG command, cooperate and sometimes contest with Iraqi Army.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Country location	Northern Iraq
Administrative status	Semi-autonomous under Iraqi Constitution
Capital city	Erbil
Governates	Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, Halabja
Key mountain range	Zagros Mountains
Major rivers	Tigris, Greater Zab
Climate type	Continental (hot dry summers, cold winters)
Neighbouring states	Turkey, Iran, Syria, rest of Iraq
Recent Indian aid	Bronchodilators, inhalers, ventilators
UN mission	UNAMI (UN Assistance Mission for Iraq)

GS-1Mapping

9.Potomac River Course and Tributaries (US River)

CNNPotomac River · Chesapeake Bay · Mid-Atlantic USA

What & Where

Potomac River: 405 mi Mid-Atlantic river, West Virginia Highlands → Chesapeake Bay.

Traverses/defines West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia & Washington DC.

Scene of fatal American Airlines–US Army Black Hawk mid-air collision (67 deaths).

Quick Facts for MCQs

Physical Geography

Tributaries expand basin to 14,700 sq mi before Chesapeake discharge.
Shenandoah confluence near Harpers Ferry forms scenic gorge.
Tidal influence felt ~117 km upstream to Washington DC.

Transport & Safety

National Capital airspace highly regulated under FAA Special Flight Rules Area.
Mixed civilian-military traffic increases collision risk in Potomac corridor.
Crash underscores need for altitude separation & real-time coordination.

Security Dimension

Potomac borders Pentagon, Capitol & other federal assets; vital for homeland security logistics.
Black Hawk deployments support NCR rapid-response and VIP transport missions.
Airspace incidents prompt joint FAA–DoD investigations to refine protocols.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Source region	Potomac Highlands, WV
Total length	405 miles (652 km)
Mouth	Chesapeake Bay, MD
States/UT crossed	WV, MD, VA, DC
Major tributaries	North & South Branches, Shenandoah, Anacostia, Monocacy
Collision aircraft	American Airlines jet & US Army UH-60 Black Hawk
Fatalities in crash	67 persons
River basin	Mid-Atlantic, USA

GS-3Environment

10.Yamuna River Ammonia Pollution Issue (Water Pollution)

Indian ExpressYamuna River · ammonia 1 ppm · industrial discharge

Illustration for Yamuna River Ammonia Pollution Issue (Water Pollution)

What & Where

Contamination: Delhi stretch of Yamuna sees ammonia frequently >1 ppm (treatment plants’ upper limit).

Location: River runs 52 km through NCT, entering at Palla, exiting Jaitpur.

Source–Mouth: Rises at Yamunotri Glacier (4,421 m, Uttarakhand); joins Ganga at Prayagraj.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Sources of Pollution

Industrial: Textile & other units in Panipat–Sonipat release untreated effluent.
Agriculture: Fertiliser runoff elevates ammonia in upstream Haryana fields.
Sewage/Natural: Untreated urban waste plus organic decay add background load.

Environmental & Health Impact

Aquatic: Ammonia lowers dissolved oxygen, endangering river biota.
Human: Corrosive ammonia linked to internal organ damage on ingestion.
Supply: DJB shuts plants when levels >1 ppm, causing Delhi water shortages.

Governance & Supply

Inter-state: Delhi blames Haryana for effluent; political flashpoint each winter.
Treatment limits: Existing plants lack advanced breakpoint chlorination capability.
Mitigation push: DJB seeking upstream effluent regulation, real-time monitoring.

River Geography

Himalayan tributaries: Rishi Ganga, Hanuman Ganga, Tons, Giri.
Plains tributaries: Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken.
Course change: Historical tectonics diverted Yamuna east from ancient Ghaggar.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Permissible ammonia in raw water	1 ppm (parts per million)
Peak contamination season	Winter months
Main industrial source districts	Panipat & Sonipat, Haryana
Key agricultural contributor	Ammonia-based fertiliser runoff
Major sewage issue	Untreated urban discharge
Longest Indian river not reaching sea	Yamuna – 1,376 km
Tributary giving ~60 % flow	Tons River
Total catchment area	3,62,200 km²
Basin states	Uttarakhand, HP, Haryana, Delhi, UP, Rajasthan
NCT entry altitude approx.	215 m at Palla

GS-3Environment

11.Coal Dust Impact on Vegetation (Mining Pollution)

The Hinducoal dust · stomata blockage · carbon uptake

What & Where

Coal; sedimentary fossil fuel from ancient plant remains; dominant Indian energy source.

Mining dust plume extends ≈30 km from pits, coating regional vegetation and habitations.

Indian coal belt: Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, parts Madhya Pradesh; supply 75 % domestic dispatch.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Environmental Impact

Carbon-uptake drop elevates atmospheric CO₂, worsening global warming.
Stomata blockage limits transpiration, causing leaf overheating, stunted growth, ecosystem stress.
Dust peaks along mine-haul roads, degrading roadside flora up to 30 km.

Human Health

Respiratory ailments: pneumoconiosis, COPD, lung cancer from prolonged coal-dust inhalation.
Cardiovascular risk escalates via dust-induced inflammation, hypertension, arterial blockage.
Heavy-metal particles cause neurotoxicity, skin-eye irritation, reproductive harm.

Production & Economy

India second-largest coal producer globally yet imports coking coal for steel.
UPSC 2015 prelim: steel industry requires coking coal; 2012 prelim flagged import due supply gaps.
Open-cast operations dominate; blasting, drilling, transport magnify airborne particulate load.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Dust reach distance	≈30 km from mine
Carbon uptake loss	2–3 g C m⁻² leaf area
Highest dust zones	Transportation/haul roads
Photosynthesis impact	Stomata clog → ↓ transpiration
Producer rank 2022	1 China 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 USA 5 Russia
Largest coal reserves	USA
Indian dispatch share	75 % from Odisha–Chhattisgarh–Jharkhand–MP
Key respiratory disease	Pneumoconiosis (black lung)
Cardiovascular effect	Inflammation → heart disease, strokes
Study institutions	Univ. of Southampton & NIT Rourkela

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2020PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

GS1 2011PYQ 2

Consider the following:

GS-3S&T

12.Salmonella Outbreak Link with Climate (Foodborne Pathogen)

The HinduSalmonella enterica · foodborne illness · climate change

Illustration for Salmonella Outbreak Link with Climate (Foodborne Pathogen)

What & Where

Pathogen; Salmonella genus bacteria causing salmonellosis food-borne illness

Species; Two recognised—Salmonella enterica (major human), Salmonella bongori

Habitat; Thrives worldwide, outbreaks spike in warm, humid regions per University of Surrey study

Quick Facts for MCQs

Transmission Factors

Ingestion; Contaminated animal products or water primary route
Cross-contamination; Shared utensils or surfaces spread bacteria to cooked foods
Poor hygiene; Skipping handwashing after animal or raw food contact boosts risk

Climate Change Angle

Surrey study; Rising temperature-humidity directly correlates with increased Salmonella outbreaks
Mechanism; Warm weather accelerates bacterial replication along food supply chains
Public health; Climate-driven rise in foodborne disease burden anticipated globally

Management & Prevention

Hydration; Oral fluids/electrolytes essential to avert dehydration
Targeted antibiotics; Reserved for infants, elderly, immunocompromised, severe systemic cases
Kitchen safety; Thorough cooking, separate boards, strict handwashing cut transmission

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Taxonomic family	Enterobacteriaceae
Main species	S. enterica, S. bongori
Common sources	Raw/undercooked poultry, eggs, meat, dairy
Incubation period	6 – 72 hours
Core symptoms	Diarrhoea, fever, stomach cramps
Severe sequelae	Bacteremia, dehydration, reactive arthritis
First-line therapy	Oral rehydration; antibiotics if high-risk
Weather sensitivity	Higher incidence in warm, humid conditions

GS-3S&T

13.Axiom Mission-4 Commercial ISS Flight (Private ISS Mission)

DD NewsAx-4 mission · Axiom Space · SpaceX Dragon

Illustration for Axiom Mission-4 Commercial ISS Flight (Private ISS Mission)

What & Where

Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) = private, 14-day crewed flight to the ISS in Low Earth Orbit

Operated by US firm Axiom Space; launch from Kennedy Space Center via SpaceX Falcon 9 + Dragon

Marks first visit of an Indian astronaut to ISS aboard a commercial spacecraft

Quick Facts for MCQs

Commercial Space

Initiative advances space tourism, private research payloads, eventual independent orbital outpost
Revenue model leverages NASA transition from ISS to commercial LEO destinations
Demonstrator for hardware to be attached then detached as Axiom Station modules

International Collaboration

Multinational crew highlights US-Europe-India-Hungary partnership under NASA ISS framework
ESA involvement via Polish payload specialist strengthens agency role in commercial missions
Supports soft-power diplomacy and diversified funding for spaceflight

Indian Angle

Milestone first Indian on ISS via private craft; earlier Indians flew on Soyuz/Shuttle missions
Shubhanshu Shukla also shortlisted for ISRO’s Gaganyaan human-spaceflight programme
Participation gives ISRO hands-on ISS operations experience ahead of indigenous missions

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Mission sequence	Fourth Axiom–NASA ISS mission (after Ax-1, 2, 3)
Launch vehicle	SpaceX Falcon 9
Capsule	Crew Dragon
Planned duration	~14 days on ISS
Crew size	4 (1 commander, 1 pilot, 2 specialists)
Commander	Peggy Whitson, ex-NASA
Pilot	Shubhanshu Shukla, ISRO & IAF
Specialists	Sławosz Uznanski-Wisniewski (Poland-ESA), Tibor Kapu (Hungary)
Orbit altitude	~400 km LEO (ISS)
Key objectives	Microgravity R&D, tech demos, educational outreach, commercial station prep
Long-term plan	Axiom standalone commercial space station

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2025PYQ 1

निम्नलिखित अंतरिक्ष मिशनों पर विचार कीजिए :

CDS_GK, GS1 2022PYQ 2

India's maiden human space mission will be launched in 2023. What is its name?

GS-3Security

14.Stampede Risks and Crowd Management (Crowd Management)

Indian Expressstampede · NDMA guidelines · Mahakumbh Mela 2025

Illustration for Stampede Risks and Crowd Management (Crowd Management)

What & Where

Stampede = uncontrolled crowd surge causing trampling, suffocation, mass casualties.

Hot-spots in India: 79 % incidents during religious gatherings; recent case at Mahakumbh Mela 2025, Prayagraj.

Trigger mix: panic rumours, structural bottlenecks, insufficient exits, poor coordination.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Causes & Triggers

Structural flaws: weak temporary bridges, narrow passages, inadequate ventilation ignite choke points.
Human factors: panic from rumours, sudden surges, religious fervour overriding discipline.
Coordination-gaps: mis-estimated footfall, understaffed control, delayed agency response.

NDMA Guidelines

Assessment: pre-event crowd modelling, controlled entry points, capped footfall.
Safety: strong barricades, multiple emergency exits, sector-wise movement corridors.
Response: onsite medical, ambulances, fire units; CCTV & PA systems for real-time alerts.

Implementation Challenges

Enforcement-deficit: limited trained personnel, poor inter-agency mesh, weak sector deployment.
Infrastructure-limits: encroachments, ageing bridges, dim lighting hamper rapid evacuation.
Tech-lag: scarce AI analytics, GPS tracking, drone surveillance slows surge detection.

Way Forward

Pre-registration: mandatory online passes to fix maksimum crowd.
Smart-monitoring: AI, drones, heat-maps to forecast density spikes.
Capacity-building: regular mock drills, crowd-psychology training for police & volunteers.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Latest incident date	29 Jan 2025
Casualties, Mahakumbh Mela	30 dead, 60 injured
Share in religious events (India)	79 % of stampedes
Key structural risk	Narrow entry/exit & weak barricades
Core NDMA actions	Crowd estimation, robust infrastructure, CCTV, emergency readiness, public info

GS-3S&TQuick Bite

15.Post-Quantum Cryptography for VPN Security (Post-Quantum Crypto)

Hindustan TimesPost-Quantum Cryptography · quantum computing threat · RSA

Illustration for Post-Quantum Cryptography for VPN Security (Post-Quantum Crypto)

What & Where

PQC: quantum-resistant encryption algorithms secure against classical & quantum attacks

VPNs: encrypt traffic, mask IPs, form secure device-server tunnels over public internet

Geography: critical worldwide sectors—finance, healthcare, governmental communications—face quantum-induced data exposure

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

Implementation: major VPN providers embedding PQC into encryption suites to pre-empt quantum threats
Nomenclature: PQC also tagged quantum-resistant, quantum-safe, or quantum-proof in industry documents

Security Dimension

Quantum capability: Shor-style computation breaks RSA/ECC, undermining today’s asymmetric keys
SNDL risk: adversaries archive ciphertext now, plan quantum decryption later, exposing delayed breaches

Sectoral Impact

Finance, healthcare, government most exposed; breach can trigger financial loss, privacy damage, national security fallout
Industry push: encryption standards overhaul needed before practical quantum computers arrive

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Main quantum threat	Shor-enabled factoring & discrete-log solving
Vulnerable algorithms	RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Attack model	Store Now, Decrypt Later (SNDL)
High-risk sectors	Finance, Healthcare, Government communications
Alternate terms for PQC	Quantum-resistant / Quantum-safe / Quantum-proof

GS-3SecurityQuick Bite

16.First Ordnance Clothing Defence Export (Defence Exports)

The HinduOCF Avadi · Suriname export · Future Soldier System

What & Where

Ordnance Clothing Factory, Avadi: MoD unit making protective gear; executing India’s first defence export order.

Future Soldier System: lightweight, antibacterial digital-camouflage uniform plus 0.9 kg ballistic helmet for higher mobility.

Suriname: northeastern South American nation bordering Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil; sizeable Indo-Surinamese community.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Tech & Schemes

Design: digital camouflage lowers visual/IR signature; antibacterial layer curbs sweat infections.
Weight-saving helmet boosts paratrooper and infantry agility.
Gear supports broader Soldier-System modernisation under Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Economic Angle

Defence-export value jumped tenfold in a decade, highlighting indigenisation gains.
Hitting Rs 50k crore would place India among top-10 global arms exporters.
MSME-rich defence ecosystem gains steady foreign orders.

International Examples

Suriname’s 27 % population of Indian origin strengthens soft-power linkages.
First South American foothold for Indian defence trade.
Success could unlock Guyana and Brazil markets within CARICOM region.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
First defence-gear export buyer	Republic of Suriname
Supplying unit	Ordnance Clothing Factory, Avadi
Parent ministry	Ministry of Defence
Defence exports 2023-24	> Rs 21,000 crore
Defence exports 2014	~Rs 2,000 crore
Export target	Rs 50,000 crore by 2029
Ballistic helmet mass	0.9 kg
Key OCF Avadi items	Bullet jackets, helmets, vests, bomb blankets
Uniform features	Lightweight, digital print, antibacterial
Suriname labour history	Indian indentured workers on sugar plantations

GS-2Scheme

17.National Critical Mineral Mission Overview (Critical Minerals)

The HinduCritical Mineral Mission · Rs 34 · 300 crore

Illustration for National Critical Mineral Mission Overview (Critical Minerals)

What & Where

NCMM: ₹34,300 cr, 7-year mission securing 30 listed critical minerals from exploration to recycling, onshore & offshore India.

Value-chain focus: prospecting ➔ mining ➔ beneficiation ➔ processing parks ➔ end-of-life recovery, plus strategic stockpiles.

Coordination: Mines Ministry, PSUs, private firms, R&D bodies; overseas asset buys via KABIL encouraged.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Mission Design

Whole-of-government approach integrates ministries, PSUs, startups via expanded PRISM incentives.
Processing parks, Centre of Excellence and recycling push aim to cut raw export of concentrates.
Composite licences enable seamless exploration-to-production transition, including offshore blocks.

Need & Rationale

Green-energy components: EV batteries, solar, wind, hydrogen require Li, Co, REE, Si, Graphite.
Strategic hardware: semiconductors, missiles, MRI machines depend on gallium, niobium, tantalum etc.
Supply risk: over-reliance on China prompts self-reliance push for Atmanirbhar defence & tech.

Recent Steps

MMDR Act 1957 amended 2023; 24 strategic blocks already auctioned.
FY25 budget waived customs on critical ores to lure downstream smelters.
GSI schedules 195 ongoing (24-25) & 227 future (25-26) critical mineral surveys.

International Angle

KABIL tasked to pick minority/majority stakes in Latin-American, African deposits.
NCMM aligns with US, EU, Japan strategies seeking diversified non-Chinese supply chains.
Bilateral pacts for offtake & tech transfer expected with Australia, Argentina, Namibia.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Mission tenure	2024-31 (7 years)
Financial outlay	₹34,300 crore
No. of critical minerals notified	30
Fast-track approvals	Dedicated single-window for critical mineral leases
Stockpile plan	Yes, government-led reserves
Lithium-ion battery demand growth	~30 % per annum
China’s global refining share	>60 % for Li, Co, REE
Key Indian import dependence	6 minerals incl. Li, Si, Ti, Graphite
GSI projects completed	368 (till 2024)
Offshore amendment year	2023 to OAMDR Act
KABIL asset abroad	15,703 ha lithium block, Catamarca-Argentina
Customs duty on critical ores (FY25)	Eliminated

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

CDS_GK, GS1 2025PYQ 1

Consider the following statements:

CDS_GK, GS1 2024PYQ 2

Recently the Government of India entered into an agreement for a lithium exploration and mining project with which one among the following countries?

GS-1Editorial

18.Gandhian Ethical Principles Overview (Gandhian Ethics)

The HinduSatya · Ahimsa · Brahmacharya

What & Where

Concept: Gandhian ethics—Truth, Non-violence, Self-discipline, Simplicity, Sarvodaya

Context: Recorded in Manu Gandhi diaries covering Mahatma’s final India years (1946-48)

Application: Framework for Indian civil-service conduct and public administration morality

Quick Facts for MCQs

Ethical Principles

Truth: moral compass beyond speech, mandates congruent action
Ahimsa: proactive non-harm across thought, word, deed; basis for civil disobedience
Simplicity: minimal possessions, nature harmony, sustainable livelihood

Civil-Service Relevance

Decision-making: Satya encourages transparency, rule-of-law adherence
Conflict-resolution: Ahimsa offers dialogue, protest management templates
Leadership: Sarvodaya inspires inclusive rural-centric policy design

Contemporary Challenges

Materialism: Consumer culture conflicts with minimalist ethic
Governance corruption: Truth-based administration difficult amid power patronage
Tech globalization: Rapid change produces novel ethical dilemmas needing adaptive Gandhian lens

Personal Integration

Daily honesty: small truthful acts build ethical habit
Voluntary service: community work advances Sarvodaya spirit
Reflective discipline: meditation, restraint enhance moral clarity

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Core value	Satya (absolute truth)
Operational tool	Satyagraha—active, non-violent resistance
Lifestyle ideal	Brahmacharya—self-restraint in diet, celibacy
Economic symbol	Khadi—hand-spun cloth, village self-reliance
Social goal	Sarvodaya—uplift of all, esp. Dalits
Diary translator	Tridip Suhrud
Timeline covered	1946-1948

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1 2012PYQ 1

Consider the following provisions under the Directive Principles of State Policy as enshrined in the Constitution of India :

GS1 2011PYQ 2

Mahatma Gandhi said that some of his deepest convictions were reflected in a book titled "Unto this Last" and the book transformed his life. What was the message from the book that transformed Mahatma Gandhi?

GS-1Polity

19.Reclassification of Denotified Tribes (Denotified Tribes)

The HinduDenotified Tribes · AnSI study · SC/ST/OBC lists

What & Where

Study: Aug 2022 AnSI + 28 TRIs recommends 179 DNT/NT/SNT communities for SC/ST/OBC inclusion.

Geography: Biggest impact in Uttar Pradesh; also Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.

Process: State proposal → RGI & concerned Commissions vetting → Union Cabinet → Constitutional amendment under Arts 341/342 or NCBC Act 1993.

Quick Facts for MCQs

Institutional Setup

AnSI 1945 Kolkata; studies cultural, biological, linguistic diversity.
TRIs: state-level think-tanks under Tribal Affairs; preserve culture, provide evidence-based planning, build capacity.
RGI under MHA handles Census & linguistic surveys; inputs in community listing.

List Alteration Process

Initiation: State/UT sends proposal; NCSC/NCST or NCBC & RGI give concurrence.
Approval: Social Justice Ministry reviews; Union Cabinet clears; Parliament passes special-majority amendment; President assents.
Legal anchors: Art 341 (SC), Art 342 (ST), Sec 9 NCBC Act 1993 (OBC).

Constitutional Provisions

Protection: Arts 17 & 23 bar untouchability, trafficking; Art 46 directs promotion of SC/ST/OBC welfare.
Representation: Arts 330–332 ensure legislative seats; Arts 338, 338A create NCSC & NCST.
Backward class inquiry: Art 340 enables Presidential commission recommendations.

Community Issues

Non-traceability: 63 groups possibly assimilated, renamed or migrated, complicating verification.
Misclassification: 9 communities need correction for accurate benefit targeting.
Historical stigma: DNT/NT/SNT faced colonial “criminal tribe” tag, still endure socio-economic marginality.

Key Data Points

Feature	Data-Point
Total communities proposed	179
For OBC status	46
For SC status	29
For ST status	10
“Not traceable” communities	63
Misclassified communities flagged	9
Tribal Research Institutes	28
AnSI establishment	1945
AnSI headquarters	Kolkata
Registrar General of India set-up	1961

Related UPSC Prelims PYQs

GS1, NDA_GAT 1996PYQ 1

In the Indian context the term De-notified tribes refers to

GS1, NDA_GAT 2022PYQ 2

Which one of the following is not a Constitutional Commission of India?

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